Opinion
6 Div. 983.
October 29, 1953.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Jefferson County, J. S. Stones, Special Judge.
The following charge was given for defendant:
"10. The Court charges you, Gentlemen of the Jury, that while it is true that in the absence of any proof to the contrary, that the presumption of fact is that the deceased, Guy B. Sorrow, did not commit suicide, yet when defendant introduced in evidence the certified copy of the record of the deceased's death kept in the office of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, the effect of this certificate is to prove prima facie that deceased came to his death by suicide, and if plaintiff contends that the deceased did not so come to his death, the burden of proof was cast by said certificate upon the plaintiff to prove to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury that deceased's death was due to some other cause than suicide."
Hare Parsons and R. Clifford Fulford, Birmingham, for appellant.
A public record is not admissible as evidence of the facts therein recited unless it was made and kept in accordance with law by the person authorized by law to make and keep it. Code 1940, Tit. 7 § 385; Wigmore Evidence 3d Ed. 1639; Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Society v. Guyton, 239 Ala. 216, 194 So. 655.
Statutes such as Title 7, § 386 and Tit. 22 § 42 of the Code, making death certificates admissible as prima facie or presumptive of the facts therein stated are merely declaratory of the common law. Abbott v. Prudential Ins. Co., 89 N.H. 149, 195 A. 413. The finding in a death certificate that violent death was accidental, suicidal, or homicidal is a conclusion or opinion and not a fact within the meaning of statutes making such certificates prima facie or presumptive evidence of the facts therein stated. Kentucky Home Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Watts, 298 Ky. 471, 183 S.W.2d 499; Morton v. Equitable Life Ins. Co. of Iowa, 218 Iowa 846, 254 N.W. 325, 196 A.L.R. 315; Backstrom v. New York Life Ins. Co., 183 Minn. 384, 236 N.W. 708; Life Ins. Co. of Virginia v. Brockman, 173 Va. 86, 3 S.E.2d 480; Heffron v. Prudential Ins. Co., 137 Pa. Super. 69, 8 A.2d 491; Johnson v. Valvoline Oil Co., 131 Pa. Super. 266, 200 A. 224; Hanrahan v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 143 Pa. Super. 557, 18 A.2d 512; Seater v. Penn. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 176 Or. 542, 156 P.2d 386; Greenberg v. Prudential Ins. Co. 266 App. Div. 685, 40 N.Y.S.2d 494; 17 A.L.R. 359; 42 A.L.R. 1454; 96 A.L.R. 324; Omaha C. B. St. R. Co. v. Johnson, 109 Neb. 526, 191 N.W. 691; Gilchrist v. Mystic Workers, 188 Mich. 466, 154 N.W. 575, Ann.Cas. 1918C, 757; Rohloff v. Aid Ass'n for Lutherans, 130 Wis. 61, 109 N.W. 989; Bishop v. Chicago City R. Co., 204 Ill. App. 286; Milliren v. Federal Life Ins. Co., 185 Minn. 614, 242 N.W. 290; Equitable Life Assur. Soc. of United States v. Stinnett, 6 Cir., 13 F.2d 820; Ziolkowski v. Continental Casualty Co., 263 Ill. App. 31; Johnson v. Sundberry, La. App., 150 So. 299; Plano Foundry Co. v. Industrial Comm., 356 Ill. 186, 190 N.E. 255; Oklahoma Aid Ass'n v. Thomas, 125 Okl. 190, 256 P. 719; Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Plunkett, 129 Okl. 292, 264 P. 827; Dent v. Nat. Life Accident Ins. Co., Tex.Civ.App., 6 S.W.2d 195; New York Life Insurance Co. v. Anderson, 8 Cir., 66 F.2d 705; Massachusetts Protective Ass'n v. Cranford, 137 Miss. 876, 102 So. 171; Dorsey v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 124 W. Va. 100, 19 S.E.2d 152; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Miller, 65 App.D.C. 129, 81 F.2d 263; Folse v. Monroe, Tex.Civ.App., 190 S.W.2d 604. Death certificates are admissible in evidence as prima facie or presumptive evidence of the cause of death but not of the conclusion or opinion of the certificate maker as to the means of injury, that is, whether accidental, suicidal or homicidal, in cases of death by violence. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Parks, 210 Ala. 261, 97 So. 788; Bozicevich v. Kenilworth Mercantile Co., 58 Utah 458, 199 P. 406, 17 A.L.R. 346; Benefit Ass'n of Ry. Employees v. Armbruster, 221 Ala. 399, 129 So. 78; Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Tellis, 226 Ala. 283, 146 So. 616; American Life Ins. Co. v. Williams, 234 Ala. 469, 175 So. 554, 112 A.L.R. 1215; Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Trammell, 33 Ala. App. 275, 33 So.2d 479. A copy of a death certificate certified by the County Health Department is admissible under Title 7, Section 386, but not under Title 22, Section 42 of the Code of Alabama, 1940. Prudential Ins. Co. v. Calvin, 227 Ala. 146, 148 So. 837. The requirement of Title 22, Sections 25 and 26, Code of Alabama of 1940, that the means of injury be recorded as probable only, clearly indicates that it was the legislative intent that the statement of the means of injury was a mere conclusion or opinion and not a statement of fact. Equitable Life Ins. Co. v. Stinnett, 6 Cir., 13 F.2d 820; Heffron v. Prudential Ins. Co., 137 Pa. Super. 69, 8 A.2d 491. An objection to evidence on grounds stated has the effect of waiving all other grounds of objection to that evidence. Vredenburgh Saw Mill Co. v. Black, 251 Ala. 302, 37 So.2d 212; Grissom v. Dahart Ice Cream Co., 34 Ala. App. 282, 40 So.2d 333; Id., 252 Ala. 235, 40 So.2d 339. There is a legal presumption against death by suicide, substantive and evidentiary in character, and if the defendant who pleads suicide as a defense in an action on a life insurance policy is to overcome it, it must do so by evidence that is clear and satisfactory. New York Life Ins. Co. v. Beason, 229 Ala. 140, 155 So. 530; Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York v. Maddox, 221 Ala. 292, 128 So. 383; Freeman v. Blount, 172 Ala. 655, 55 So. 293; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Turner, 213 Ala. 286, 104 So. 643. The burden of proof is on the defendant to prove suicide when it is pleaded in defense of an action on a life insurance policy. New York Ins. Co. v. Beason, supra. The burden of proof as to suicide is not shifted from the defendant to the plaintiff by the introduction of a death certificate stating that death was due to suicide. New York Life Ins. Co. v. Beason, supra; Missouri State Life Ins. Co. v. Stuckey, 224 Ala. 590, 141 So. 246; New York Life Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, 229 Ala. 474, 158 So. 309. The giving of a requested charge misplacing the burden of proof is not prevented from being error to reverse by the oral charge of the court correctly stating on what party or parties that burden fell. N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, supra; South Highlands Infirmary v. Galloway, 233 Ala. 276, 171 So. 250; American Surety Co. v. Pryor, 211 Ala. 114, 99 So. 636; Keller v. Brooklyn Bus Corp., 2 Cir., 128 F.2d 510.
H. H. Grooms and Spain, Gillon, Grooms Young, Birmingham, for appellee.
A certified copy of a death certificate is admissible under Title 22, § 42, and Title 7, § 383 of the Code. Prudential Ins. Co. v. Calvin, 227 Ala. 146, 148 So. 837. Such certificate is prima facie evidence of the cause of death. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Parks, 210 Ala. 261, 97 So. 78; Fleetwood v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., 246 Ala. 571, 21 So.2d 696, 159 A.L.R. 171; Birmingham Trust Savings Co. v. Acacia Mut. Life Ass'n, 221 Ala. 561, 130 So. 327; Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Wigley, 248 Ala. 676, 29 So.2d 218. An assignment of error on alleged error in the Court's oral charge will not be sustained where there was no exception to the specific portion of the charge complained of. Guy v. Lancaster, 250 Ala. 287, 34 So.2d 499; Geter v. Central Coal Co., 149 Ala. 578, 43 So. 367; Central of Georgia R. Co. v. Ashley, 160 Ala. 580, 49 So. 388. Proofs of death are self-serving and are not admissible against the insurer of the facts therein set out, but only to show compliance with policy requirements. Appleman on Ins. § 1473; Sovereign Camp, W. O. W. v. Pritchett, 203 Ala. 33, 81 So. 823; Cotton States Life Ins. Co. v. Crozier, 216 Ala. 537, 113 So. 615. Evidence is not admissible to impeach a person who has not been introduced, sworn, or examined as a witness. Koch v. State, 115 Ala. 99, 22 So. 471; Holt Lumber Co. v. Givens, 196 Ala. 640, 72 So. 257; 70 C.J. 799. Proofs filed by the plaintiff with other insurance companies are admissible as direct and positive evidence of suicide since they are admissions against interest. Fleetwood v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. supra. Charge 10 made the basis of assignment 9 was correctly given. The charge states the law. Fleetwood v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. supra; Birmingham Trust Savings Co. v. Acacia, supra.
Appellant was plaintiff in the circuit court, suing appellee on a policy of life insurance on the life of her late husband.
The defense was that of suicide within two years after the issuance of the policy. The policy provided that if insured should take his own life within said period defendant shall be liable for a sum equal to the premiums that have been paid thereon and no more. This amount was claimed to be $216.01 which had been tendered.
There was a jury and verdict for defendant on the issue of suicide. There was no contention but that he died within two years after the issuance of the policy. The circumstantial evidence tended to prove suicide.
The first assignment of error goes to the act of the court in overruling plaintiff's objection to a certificate headed: "Jefferson County Board of Health: Bureau of Records and Vital Statistics: Birmingham, Alabama". "Standard Certificate of Death" "State of Alabama". A blank form was used with the information inserted apparently with a typewriter. It is signed in the name of the health officer by "Geo. V. Truss, Registrar of Vital Statistics". This document contains what purports to be a "medical certificate" with the name of J. G. Galbraith, M. D., written also with the typewriter. The first part of it material to the issue of suicide was what purports to be an answer to the inquiry of the "immediate cause of death", to be "gunshot wound of brain", and in answer to whether it was an accident, suicide or homicide, stated "suicide".
The second assignment of error relates to that feature of the document which specifies "suicide" as the cause of insured death.
The third assignment of error is the alleged error of the court in charging the jury that they might consider the death certificate as prima facie evidence of suicide: to which there was no exception.
So that, in this connection the question relates to assignments of error one and two, supra, and they relate only to the question of the admissibility in evidence of the certified copy of the record of the bureau of records and vital statistics, as to the cause of the death of insured as suicide.
Title 22, §§ 25 and 42, as amended by the Act of July 9, 1943, seem to influence the question presented by assignments of error one and two, supra. Section 22 of Title 22 provides for a local registrar of vital statistics. Section 23 requires a burial permit to be issued by the local registrar for the burial of a dead body. Section 25 as amended by the Act of July 9, 1943, Pocket Part Code, requires as a condition to the burial permit, supra, a certificate of death. The undertaker shall obtain such certificate upon information from a person best qualified to supply it to be signed by the informant. The undertaker shall present the certificate to the attending physician, if any, for a medical certificate of the cause of death and other particulars. He (the undertaker) shall then state the facts required relative to the date of death, date and place of burial or other disposition, with his signature, and present the completed certificate to the local registrar. Only upon those requirements may the local registrar issue the necessary burial permit. The medical certificate shall specify various matters, including the cause of death. If the cause of death be violence it shall be carefully defined, and the means shall be stated and whether (probably) accidental, suicidal or homicidal. Section 23, supra, appears to give detail of requirements to obtain a burial permit from the local registrar.
Assignments of error 1 and 2 have reference to the certificate of death by the health officer acting by the registrar of vital statistics, which contains a copy of the doctor's certificate. This certificate is controlled by sections 25 and 42, Title 22, as amended, and recites that it is issued under that authority. No objection was made as to its due execution. Objection was made to it as a whole (record page 157), and to the answer to 22(a), "accident, suicide or homicide", on general grounds and because it is a conclusion invading the province of the court and jury, and because no official certificate of the coroner appears, for that the city detective making the coroner's report was not so authorized nor qualified and did so without investigation, and it is no part of the death certificate offered in evidence made by the health officer.
The objection so made was overruled and exception noted. The court thereupon explained to the jury that although "that is an official looking document with a seal it is not conclusive. It is just evidence like everything else to be considered by you, but because it does have that seal and certificate, it is not conclusive, and you are not bound by it. You are to consider it like you would any other evidence." In the court's oral charge at the conclusion of the evidence he stated to the jury that "the defendant has introduced in evidence a certified copy of the death certificate which is on file in the bureau of vital statistics of this county"; and "the introduction of that certificate makes out what we call from a legal standpoint, a prima facie case"; explaining that term to mean "not as an absolute proof of it, but that established the fact there was, according to the official records, a suicide, and unless the other testimony overcomes it, then that would be the conclusion you would reach. But that is not conclusively on you as I stated to you at the time it was introduced. It is merely evidence and prima facie evidence, although it is prima facie evidence, it is (not even) a little bit more than ordinary evidence, it can still be rebutted by all the other testimony in this case."
There was no exception to that feature of the court's charge. But it is pointed out in the fourth assignment of error that this statement to the jury is the eighteenth ground of the motion for a new trial. But it cannot be error to reverse when no exception was taken to it by plaintiff seeking the reversal. Guy v. Lancaster, 250 Ala. 287, 34 So.2d 499.
Moreover, the argument as to this assignment is based upon the principle urged in brief that the certificate was not admissible. The chief controversy is as to the admissibility of that part of the certificate of the health officer, contained in what purports to be a copy of the certificate of Dr. Galbraith in answer to inquiry No. 22 (a) that death was by suicide.
No question is raised on the certificate of death as to its due execution by the proper county authority. Prudential Ins. Co. v. Calvin, 227 Ala. 146 (5), 148 So. 837. See amendment of July 9, 1943 to section 42, supra. The certificate recites that it is issued by authority of section 42, Title 22, as amended. That statute provides that such certificate "shall be prima facie evidence in all courts and places of the facts therein stated", and it authorizes the county health officer to make the certificate.
It is urged that whether the death was by suicide is not a fact stated in the death certificate sufficient to be prima facie evidence of suicide. The certificate of death contains a copy of what purports to be a certificate of Dr. Galbraith, as we have said. The law (section 25, supra) is that the attending physician (Galbraith), if any, should have certified in order to obtain a burial permit. Such certificate is then a matter of record with the board of vital statistics. It is therefore a proper feature of the certificate provided for in section 42, supra, and of the facts recited in it. The record does not otherwise show the certificate which the doctor filed.
There was shown to have been a policy of insurance on the life of decedent in the Columbian Mutual Life Insurance Company, and that plaintiff made proofs to that company showing death by suicide, to which was attached a certificate by one signing as acting coroner, that death was by suicide. Such proofs are only in the nature of admissions by plaintiff who furnished this proof. Cotton States Life Ins. Co. v. Crozier, 216 Ala. 537, 113 So. 615 (4); National Life Accident Ins. Co. v. Puckett, 217 Ala. 110, 115 So. 12.
We revert to the question of whether the death certificate purporting to set out a copy of the doctor's certificate showing suicide is prima facie evidence of suicide. Section 25, Title 22, Code, as we have said, requires the doctor's certificate to state the cause of death and "whether (probably) accidental, suicidal, or homicidal." So that his statement that it was a suicide was of a fact of which he was required by law to certify and did so. We have a line of cases holding that a certificate, such as here involved, is prima facie evidence of suicide by reason of the statute, section 42, supra. Birmingham Trust Savings Co. v. Acacia Mutual Life Ass'n, 221 Ala. 561, 130 So. 327; Fleetwood v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 246 Ala. 571, 21 So.2d 696, 159 A.L.R. 171; Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v. Wigley, 248 Ala. 676, 29 So.2d 218. Section 386, Title 7, Code, is consistent with this theory.
There is a difference of opinion among the courts of other states as to whether the certificate that the cause of death was suicidal is of a fact of which the certificate is prima facie evidence. Some of the cases holding that it is prima facie evidence of suicide under such a statute are Hamilton v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 71 Ga. App. 784, 32 S.E.2d 540; Branford Trust Co. v. Prudential Ins. Co., 102 Conn. 481, 129 A. 379, 42 A.L.R. 1450. See 32 C.J.S., Evidence, § 638, pages 497, 498, notes 75 and 76; 159 A.L.R. 191. Kentucky seems to have been unsteady in its views on the subject: first holding that under such a statute a certificate as here involved was prima facie evidence of suicide, Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Bush, 236 Ky. 400, 33 S.W.2d 351, which was supported by Prudential Ins. Co. v. Ashley, 265 Ky. 281, 96 S.W.2d 766. But it is said in Kentucky Home Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Watts, 298 Ky. 471, 183 S.W.2d 499, that the soundness of the construction given the statute in the Ashley case had been questioned but not determined in Prudential Ins. Co. v. Tuggle's Adm'r, 254 Ky. 814, 72 S.W.2d 440. The Ashley case was overruled without mentioning the Bush case, supra. Why the Bush case was not also overruled is not clear. Kentucky is therefore presumably among those courts who do not give effect to such a statute. There are many other cases holding that such a certificate is not evidence of suicide, though it so recites. Morton v. Equitable Life Ins. Co., 218 Iowa 846, 254 N.W. 325, 96 A.L.R. 315; 32 C.J.S., Evidence, § 638, page 498, note 77.
But this Court has adhered to the view that under our statute, a certificate as provided for in section 42, supra, showing death by suicide is prima facie evidence of that cause producing death.
Counsel for appellant have presented an interesting and resourceful brief on that question, inviting in effect a reconsideration of it. But it is a question which could be decided either way. Our cases should stand with respect to it. Since the Acacia case, supra, the statute with that construction has been readopted by the Code of 1940 and amended by an Act approved July 9, 1943, Gen.Acts 1943, page 464, without change in the respect here material.
There is no doubt of the legislative power to enact that the certificate shall be prima facie evidence of the facts recited. Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Bush, 236 Ky. 400, 33 S.W.2d 351; Bozicevich v. Kenilworth Mercantile Co., 58 Utah 458, 199 P. 406, 17 A.L.R. 346.
Assignments of Error 5, 6, 7 and 8.
After the admission of the death certificate by the health officer, plaintiff offered a certificate of later date bearing Dr. Galbraith's signature stating that the cause of death, as to suicide, homicide or accident, was undetermined. Objection was sustained. That certificate was a part of the proofs furnished by the beneficiary, plaintiff, to the insurer defendant under the terms of the policy. It was not admissible in evidence for plaintiff, but only as an admission by plaintiff against her interest when offered by defendant. Cotton States Life Ins. Co. v. Crozier, supra; National Life Accident Ins. Co. v. Puckett, supra. The death certificate of the health officer containing a certificate of suicide by Dr. Galbraith cannot in that manner be impeached. General grounds of objection were sufficient to sustain the ruling of the court. Holt Lumber Co. v. Givens, 196 Ala. 640, 72 So. 257.
Assignment of Error No. 9.
The charge here referred to is No. 10 given by the court at the request of defendant. It is a substantial copy of charge No. 4 held in the Acacia and Fleetwood cases, supra, to have been given without error. Here the argument is, as before stated, in effect that the Fleetwood case should be overruled. We are not inclined to do so.
Finding no reversible error assigned and argued, the judgment should be affirmed.
The foregoing opinion was prepared by FOSTER, Supernumerary Justice of this Court, while serving on it at the request of the Chief Justice under authority of Title 13, § 32, Code, and was adopted by the Court as its opinion.
Affirmed.
LIVINGSTON, C. J., and SIMPSON, GOODWYN and CLAYTON, JJ., concur.