Summary
holding that a breach of contract will give rise to a constructive trust only when the other party entered the contract never intending to abide by its terms
Summary of this case from Barriffe v. Estate of LawsonOpinion
No. 42678.
May 27, 1963.
1. Trusts — resulting trusts — amended bill of complaint germane to original bill.
Amended bill of complaint was germane to original bill and was properly allowed, where amended bill charged, as did the original bill, that defendant knew of family arrangement on which action was brought and understood that she was to have only property acquired after her marriage to party to family arrangement, prayer was same as in original bill, and amended bill charged that a resulting trust had been created.
2. Trusts — resulting trusts — limitation of actions.
Suit filed on February 2, 1961, for establishment of trust on basis of family agreement to convey or devise realty, was not barred by ten-year statute of limitations where conveyance which was basis for family agreement was made on December 27, 1949, and property was not to be conveyed or devised under family agreement until three years later.
3. Equity — laches — delay — limitation of actions.
No period of time short of statute of limitations could be used to support laches which would constitute an equitable bar to action brought on family agreement pertaining to conveyance or devise of realty, and, therefore, fact that party who had title to realty under the agreement and who was to convey the realty to another party to agreement had died and was unable to testify would not constitute ground for holding that laches barred action on agreement.
4. Trusts — constructive trust — defined.
A "constructive trust" is one which arises by operation of law against one who, by actual or constructive fraud, by duress or abuse of confidence, by commission of wrong, or by any form of unconscionable conduct, artifice, concealment, or questionable means, or who, in any way against equity and good conscience, either has obtained or holds legal right to property which he ought not, in equity and good conscience, hold and enjoy.
5. Trusts — constructive trust — an appropriate remedy against unjust enrichment.
A constructive trust is an appropriate remedy against unjust enrichment.
6. Trusts — constructive trust — mere breach of agreement or promise — in connection with other circumstances.
Mere failure to perform an agreement does not raise a constructive trust, but breach of an agreement or promise may, in connection with other circumstances, give rise to a constructive trust.
7. Trusts — constructive trust — confidential or fiduciary relationship — abuse of confidence.
Confidential or fiduciary relationship does not give rise to a constructive trust, but abuse of confidence rendering acquisition or retention of property by one person unconscionable against another suffices generally to ground equitable relief in form of declaration and enforcement of a constructive trust.
8. Trusts — constructive trust — family agreement — abuse of confidence — amended complaint made out case of constructive trust.
If, under family agreement, brother was to convey or devise realty to one of his sisters three years after his brothers and sisters had conveyed the realty to him, and brother's wife knew of family arrangement and that she was to have only property acquired after marriage, constructive trust would be created upon brother's failure to devise or convey in his lifetime, and amended bill of complaint alleging such facts stated a cause of action against brother's widow for establishment of constructive trust.
9. Trusts — constructive trust — proof must be clear and convincing to establish.
Proof of facts relied on to establish a constructive or resulting trust must be clear and convincing.
10. Trusts — constructive or resulting trust — oral evidence offered to establish, received with caution.
Oral evidence offered to prove facts relied on to establish a constructive or resulting trust must be received with caution.
Headnotes as approved by Jones, J.
ON SUGGESTION OF ERROROctober 7, 1963 156 So.2d 579
11. Laches — delay — statute of limitations.
Rule that no period of time short of statute of limitations can be used as supporting any laches which will constitute equitable bar to suit applies only when time is the only factor.
Headnote as approved by Gillespie, J.
APPEAL from the Chancery Court of Copiah County; CARROLL KEMP, Chancellor.
Henley, Jones Henley, Hazlehurst, for appellant.
I. Delay in and of itself does not constitute laches.
II. Laches must appear on the face of the pleading to be raised by demurrer.
III. Laches does not appear on the face of appellant's amended bill of complaint.
IV. The amended bill of complaint shows on its face that the appellant was not guilty of laches.
V. The amended bill of complaint alleges resulting trust.
VI. Amended complaint also alleges constructive trust.
VII. It is unnecessary to allege actual fraud as constructive fraud.
VIII. Where a resulting or constructive trust exists, it is immaterial that an expressed trust may also exist.
IX. Section 269 of the Mississippi Code of 1942 is not applicable.
X. Suit not barred by statute of limitations.
XI. Amendments germane to original bill.
Collation of authorities: Adcock v. Merchants Manufacturers Bank of Ellisville, 207 Miss. 448, 42 So.2d 427; Campbell v. Millsaps (Miss.), 12 So.2d 526; Chichester v. Chichester, 209 Miss. 628, 48 So.2d 123; Clark v. Hull, 31 Miss. 524; Clausell v. Riley, 188 Miss. 647, 196 So. 245; Coleman v. Kierbow, 212 Miss. 541, 54 So.2d 915; Continental Oil Co. v. Walker, 238 Miss. 21, 117 So.2d 333; Cotten v. Cotten, 218 Miss. 217, 67 So.2d 268; Dampier v. Polk, 214 Miss. 65, 58 So.2d 44; Denkmann Lumber Co. v. Morgan, 219 Miss. 692, 69 So.2d 802; Greenwood Grocery Co. v. Bennett, 101 Miss. 573, 58 So. 482; McElveen v. McElveen, 233 Miss. 672, 103 So.2d 439; Miazza v. Yerger, 53 Miss. 135; Pitchford v. Howard, 208 Miss. 567, 45 So.2d 142; Risk v. Risher, 197 Miss. 155, 19 So.2d 484; Robinson v. Leflore, 59 Miss. 158; Sample v. Romine, 193 Miss. 706, 8 So.2d 257, 9 So.2d 643, 10 So.2d 346; Saulsberry v. Saulsberry, 223 Miss. 684, 78 So.2d 758; Shepherd v. Johnston, 201 Miss. 99, 28 So.2d 661; Shrader v. Shrader, 119 Miss. 526, 81 So. 227; Stone v. Sample, 216 Miss. 287, 62 So.2d 307; Stovall v. Stovall, 218 Miss. 364, 67 So.2d 391; Thomas v. Holcomb, 230 Miss. 387, 92 So.2d 548; Triplett v. Bridgforth, 205 Miss. 328, 38 So.2d 756; Trigg v. Trigg, 233 Miss. 84, 101 So.2d 507; Waldrop v. Whittington, 213 Miss. 567, 57 So.2d 298; Wofford v. Wofford, 244 Miss. 442, 142 So.2d 188; Sec. 269, Code 1942; 54 Am. Jur., Trusts, Sec. 234 p. 179; 89 C.J.S., Trusts, Sec. 149 p. 1044; Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice (2d ed.), pp. 286, 287, 380, 389.
Barnett, Montgomery, McClintock Cunningham, Jackson, for appellee.
I. The Chancellor correctly decided that the complainant's suit was barred by laches but there are also other legal questions in the case barring the complainant's right to recovery and if any of these questions do in fact bar recovery, the decree of the trial court must be affirmed. Carr v. Miller, 162 Miss. 760, 139 So. 851; Carter v. State, 167 Miss. 331, 145 So. 739; Lee v. Memphis Publishing Co., 195 Miss. 264, 14 So.2d 351; Winfield v. Winfield, 203 Miss. 391, 35 So.2d 443; Yazoo M.V.R. Co. v. Adams, 81 Miss. 90, 32 So. 937.
II. The original bill states no cause of action. Campbell v. Bright, 87 Miss. 43, 40 So. 3; Clearman v. Cotton, 66 Miss. 467, 6 So. 156; Miazza v. Yerger, 53 Miss. 135; Sec. 269, Code 1942.
III. The alleged claim under original bill is, on its face, barred by the statute of limitations. Bush v. Bush, 136 Miss. 523, 99 So. 151; Sec. 710, Code 1942; Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice, Sec. 176.
IV. The amended bill of complaint states no cause of action. Anderson Dunham, Inc. v. Aiken, 241 Miss. 756, 133 So.2d 527; Haley v. Taylor, 77 Miss. 867, 28 So. 752; Holder v. Elmwood Corp. (Ala.), 165 So. 235; Sharp v. Learned, 195 Miss. 201, 14 So.2d 218; State, Use of Aberdeen v. Board of Suprs. of Monroe County, 188 Miss. 636, 196 So. 253; Williams v. Patterson, 203 Miss. 865, 34 So.2d 366; 67 C.J.S., Parties, Sec. 25 p. 943.
V. The amended bill of complaint states no cause of action for the additional reason that it seeks to establish an express trust based on an oral promise to convey by deed or will. Campbell v. Bright, supra; Miazza v. Yerger, supra; Palmer v. Spencer, 161 Miss. 491, 137 So. 491.
VI. The amended bill of complaint is not germane to the original bill, and defendant's motion to strike should also have been sustained and the amended bill stricken from the record. Anderson v. Burnett, 5 How. (6 Miss.) 165; Armstrong v. Jones, 198 Miss. 627, 22 So.2d 7; Mezeix v. McGraw, 44 Miss. 100; Mississippi Power Co. v. Bennett, 173 Miss. 109, 161 So. 301; Nasif v. Booth, 221 Miss. 126, 72 So.2d 440; Newton Oil Manufacturing Co. v. Sessums, 102 Miss. 181, 59 So. 9; Owens v. Gulf S.I.R. Co., 118 Miss. 437, 79 So. 348; People's Bank v. Pennington, 137 Miss. 690, 103 So. 144; Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice, Secs. 30, 389 pp. 32, 373.
VII. The causes of action plead in both the original and amended bill, even if charging fraud, which they do not, are barred by the statute of limitations. Bush v. Bush, supra; Bowman v. O'Reilly, 31 Miss. 265; Dogan v. Cooley, 184 Miss. 107, 185 So. 783; Gee v. Gee, 32 Miss. 192; Mahorner v. Harrison, 13 Sm. M. (21 Miss.) 53; Miazza v. Yerger, supra; Sec. 746, Code 1942; 4 Kent Com. 317.
VIII. The Chancellor was correct in holding that the complainant's right of action, if any, was barred by laches. Armstrong v. Jones, supra; Bailey v. Sayle, 206 Miss. 757, 40 So.2d 618; Comans v. Tapley, 101 Miss. 203, 57 So. 567; Miller v. Cotton, 5 Ga. 341; Sample v. Romine, 193 Miss. 706, 8 So.2d 257, 9 So.2d 643, 10 So.2d 346; Sec. 269, Code 1942; Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice, Secs. 41, 398 pp. 43, 387; Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence, Sec. 419.
From a decree of the Chancery Court of Copiah County, Mississippi, sustaining a demurrer filed by appellee to appellant's amended bill of complaint, appellant appeals. Appellee cross-appeals, and alleges that the lower court erred in permitting the amended bill of complaint to be filed and in refusing to sustain appellee's motion to strike the amended bill, as not being germane to the case.
The original bill alleged that John S. Sojourner, during his lifetime, was the owner of certain lands situated in Copiah County; that he left as his sole and only surviving heirs at law seven children, of whom Miss Myra Sojourner was one. Dan Sojourner, whose widow was the appellee, Mrs. Merle Sojourner, was also a child of the said John S. Sojourner.
The original bill alleged that prior to the death of the said John S. Sojourner, each of his children except Dan and Myra had established their own homes. Dan and Myra, both being unmarried, remained in the family home, living with their father and mother. The mother predeceased the father by some months. During the latter part of the lives of the parents, they became physically incapacitated and the complainant and her brother Dan nursed and cared for them. The other brothers and sisters recognizing this service, held a family conference on or about September 1, 1949, at the residence of C.C. Sojourner, another son, at which conference it was agreed by all such heirs that Dan and Myra would continue to reside on the property and that the other heirs would convey their respective interests to Dan and Myra, but Dan called to the attention of the complainant and his brothers and other sisters that he was entering upon the veterans farm training program and it would be necessary for him to have legal title to said property vested in him to qualify for such training. Some of the heirs were reluctant to convey solely to Dan, but after discussion he agreed with Myra and the other owners of the property that if he were vested with full legal title thereto he would, after a period of three years when the veterans program would terminate, execute a will leaving said property to his sister Myra or give her a deed thereto; that thereupon the heirs reposing trust and confidence in Dan, and solely because they and each of them relied upon his promise, executed and delivered a quit claim deed to said lands; that said transfer was made without any consideration whatsoever, and solely for the purpose of making it possible for Dan to enter upon the training program. The bill further charged that after the expiration of the said training program, Dan advised that he was going to have the will written and executed as promised, and she relied upon such promise, having the utmost confidence in her brother; that she resided with her brother upon the property, keeping house for him, and through their joint efforts maintained and improved the house and property. The bill further charged that Dan married the appellee on or about March 21, 1958, and that Myra continued to reside in the home with her brother and sister-in-law, and continued in her household duties. Dan died intestate on or about June 30, 1960, and under the laws of Mississippi, Mrs. Merle Sojourner was his only heir at law. The bill further charged that the appellee well knew the family arrangement in regard to the said property, she having been advised as to same by her husband. The prayer of the original bill was that on final hearing the court enter a decree that Myra was the owner of said lands and require Mrs. Merle Sojourner as trustee of said property to convey to complainant the fee simple title thereto, and decree that the said Mrs. Merle Sojourner had no interest of any kind whatsoever in said property. It also prayed for general relief.
To this original bill appellee demurred on the ground that there was no equity on the face of the bill, and that the complaint showed an express trust which would be void under Sec. 269 of the Miss. Code of 1942. They also plead by a special plea the said Sec. 269. Later an amended answer incorporating an amended demurrer was filed, adding the additional ground that the bill was barred by the statutes of limitations of the State of Mississippi, and that appellant was estopped by laches. This demurrer to the original bill was sustained, and permission granted for the filing of an amended bill.
The amended bill of complaint contained substantially the same allegations of the original bill, but with added averments therein, including an averment that at the family conference it was agreed that the heirs would convey their interest in said property to Dan and Myra as joint tenants with the right of survivorship, and that then Dan Sojourner called attention to the veterans training program. This bill further charged that Dan made a promise to the complainant and other heirs that if he were vested with full legal title thereto he would, after a period of three years, either execute a will giving the property to his sister Myra or give her a deed thereto; that it was relying upon this promise that the heirs executed the deed to Dan; that the transfer was made without any cash consideration being paid, but the real consideration was that the grantors recognized their obligation to compensate the complainant for the services she had rendered to her mother and father; that the grantors were brothers and sisters and the relationship between all the parties was unusually close and constituted a fiduciary and confidental relationship; that Dan insisted upon them conveying the land to him to enable him to qualify for the training program and represented to all the parties that he would hold the title to said property in trust for his sister Myra, and after the three-year period of the training program had expired he would either convey said property to complainant or leave it to her by his last will and testament; that Myra had resided with her brother Dan for many years and was residing with him at the time of the conveyance, and was assured by Dan that he desired her to continue to reside on said property; that for a long period of time Dan had managed all of the business affairs of complainant and she had explicit trust and confidence in him, and she and the other grantors acted upon the basis of said representation in executing said conveyance, and except for said representation the property would have been conveyed to complainant and Dan Sojourner as joint tenants with right of survivorship.
The amended bill further charged that after the completion of the veterans training program, Dan, during his lifetime, failed to convey said property to the complainant, but she expected to find that he had left a last will and testament devising the property to her; but much to her surprise, he failed to devise the property to her; that the aforesaid conduct on the part of Dan constituted an abuse of complainant's confidence and the confidence of the grantors in said deed; that under such circumstances, the retention of the property involved in this suit by the defendant as heir at law of Dan Sojourner would be unconscionable and in violation of all principles of equity; that the conduct on the part of Dan, including his failure to carry out the representations he made, constituted fraud. Complainant charges that she has learned that it was never the intention of Dan to fulfill the representations he made to the grantors in said conveyance; that it is necessary in equity for the court to take jurisdiction of the case and grant complainant relief in order to avoid unjust enrichment on the part of Dan and his widow. The amended bill charges, as did the original bill, that the widow had full knowledge and well knew the family arrangement in regard to the aforesaid property, and she understood that she was to have only the property that was acquired after their marriage. It was charged in the amended bill that a resulting trust was created, and the prayer was the same as in the original bill.
(Hn 1) We do not think the grounds of the cross-appeal are well taken. The amended bill was germane to the original bill and the court was correct in allowing the amendment and in declining to strike. Secs. 389, 390, Griffith's Miss. Chancery Practice (2d ed.).
(Hn 2) As to the statutes of limitation: The conveyance involved in this suit was made on December 27, 1949. The suit was filed February 2, 1961. The bill of complaint, however, shows that the promise was that after three years Dan would either convey the property or devise the land to Myra by will. Of course, he had the remainder of his life to execute a will. The three years would carry the start of the running of limitations at least to December 27, 1952. So the earliest at which the limitations under the ten-year statute might have run would have been ten years from December 27, 1952. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the lower court was correct in holding that the case was not barred by statutes of limitation.
(Hn 3) The chancellor rendered a special opinion on the demurrer, holding that laches barred the suit. He based this upon the ground that Dan had died and was unable to testify. However, this Court has many times held that no period of time short of the statute of limitations can be used as supporting any laches which will constitute an equitable bar to the suit. See Waldrop v. Whittington, 213 Miss. 567, 57 So.2d 298, and cases therein cited.
(Hn 4) On the question of a trust: The amended bill of complaint averred that Dan made the oral promise to execute a deed or a will leaving the land to Myra; that she had since learned that at the time of making said promise, he had no intention of performing it; that a confidential relationship existed between Dan and Myra and the other children, and Dan secured an advantage by the reliance of Myra and the other children upon the representations made by him; that this resulted in unjust enrichment of Dan; that there was a confidential relationship existing between the parties and particularly between Myra and Dan; that he had always looked after her business affairs, and it would be a breach of trust and confidence for him to be permitted to disregard the promise so made. Under these circumstances, the case of Saulsberry v. Saulsberry, 78 So.2d 758, is in point. There this Court held under circumstances analagous to those alleged in the instant case:
"A constructive trust is one that arises by operation of law against one who, by fraud, actual or constructive, by duress or abuse of confidence, by commission of wrong, or by any form of unconscionable conduct, artifice, concealment, or questionable means, or who in any way against equity and good conscience, either has obtained or holds the legal right to property which he ought not, in equity and good conscience, to hold and enjoy. 54 Am. Jur., Trusts, Sec. 218. (Hn 5) A constructive trust is an appropriate remedy against unjust enrichment. Ibid., Sec. 219. (Hn 6) The mere failure to perform an agreement does not raise a constructive trust, but a breach of an agreement or promise may, in connection with other circumstances, give rise to such a trust. A distinction exists between the breach of a promise not fraudulently made and the breach of a promise made with no intention of performing it. Ibid., Sec. 221.
(Hn 7) "While a confidential or fiduciary relationship does not in itself give rise to a constructive trust, an abuse of confidence rendering the acquisition or retention of property by one person unconscionable against another suffices generally to ground equitable relief in the form of the declaration and enforcement of a constructive trust, and the courts are careful not to limit the rule or the scope of its application by a narrow definition of fiduciary or confidential relationships protected by it. An abuse of confidence within the rule may be an abuse of either a technical fiduciary relationship or of an informal relationship where one person trusts in and relies upon another, whether the relation is a moral, social, domestic, or merely personal one. The origin of the confidence reposed is immaterial. A confidential relationship within the rule need involve neither a promise for the benefit of another nor an express fiduciary relationship.' 54 Am. Jur., Trusts, Sec. 225."
In the Saulsberry case it was also held that one against whom the fraud or wrong doing was charged could not place the land beyond the reach of a constructive trust by conveying same to his wife. We think this is applicable here, particularly since the bill charges that the wife had knowledge of the trust. In 89 C.J.S., at page 1034, it is stated:
"It has been said that the transactions which will be treated in equity as containing such an element of fraud, active or constructive, as to give rise to constructive trusts in such cases are numerous and varied; and it has been held that a constructive trust for fraud or wrong, being based on the equitable principle that no one can take advantage of his own wrong, exists in almost any case where there is a wrongful acquisition or detention of property to which another is entitled."
In 89 C.J.S., Sec. 149, at page 1041, under the chapter on Trusts, after reciting that the mere violation of a parole promise made by grantee to reconvey to the grantor or to a person designated does not create a constructive trust in the grantee in the absence of fraud in procuring the conveyance to him, since the trust, if any, is an express one and is not enforceable under the statute of frauds, then stated:
"A constructive trust will arise, however, out of a promise to reconvey or hold in trust made in connection with the receipt of the legal title to property, provided the grantor's purpose is an honest one, where, in addition to the parol agreement or its breach, there is some element of fraud or bad faith which makes it inequitable that the grantee should hold the title absolutely and discharged of any trust. It is not necessary that actual fraud be shown for equity to regard the grantee as holding lands charged with a constructive trust and to compel him to fulfill the trust by conveying according to his engagement, but it is necessary only to establish such conduct and bad faith as would shock the conscience of the court.
"Generally, a constructive trust will be raised where at the time the promise is made the grantee does not intend to perform it, or it is intentionally false, or where confidential relationships exist between the parties and there is no other consideration for the conveyance except the promise, or where the promise is the inducing cause of the conveyance, no other consideration being given, and is relied on by the grantor, . . . . . ."
Sec. 234 of 54 Am. Jur., Trusts, recites: "Active conduct on the part of the grantee to bring about the conveyance, especially where there is a fiduciary or confidential relationship between him and the grantor, and the grantee's subsequent failure to carry out his agreement or promise to hold in trust for reconveyance, tend to show fraud or bad faith on the part of the grantee, so as to raise a constructive trust."
This statement has been quoted with approval at least twice by this Court: Adcock, et al v. Merchants Manufacturers Bank of Ellisville, 207 Miss. 448, 42 So.2d 427, 430, and Pitchford v. Howard, et al, 208 Miss. 567, 45 So.2d 142.
In Russell v. Douglas, 243 Miss. 497, 138 So.2d 730, this Court said: "A constructive trust is a fiction of equity. It is the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. When property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest, equity converts him into a trustee. The equity must shape the relief, and courts are bound by no unyielding formula."
(Hn 8) We are of the opinion that the amended bill of complaint avers such matters as that the court should have overruled the demurrer and let all the facts relative to the transaction be developed. (Hn 9) However, we are directing attention to the holdings of this Court that proof of facts relied on to establish a constructive or resulting trust must be clear and convincing and (Hn 10) that the general rule is that oral evidence offered to prove such facts must be received with caution. Conner, et al. v. Conner, et al., 238 Miss. 471, 119 So.2d 240, and authorities there cited.
The case is affirmed on cross-appeal. On direct appeal it is reversed and remanded for development of all the facts.
Affirmed on cross-appeal; reversed and remanded on direct appeal.
McGehee, C.J., and Ethridge, Gillespie and McElroy, JJ., concur.
ON SUGGESTION OF ERROR
The Court called for answer to appellee's suggestion of error. After carefully reconsidering the arguments of appellee we are of the opinion that the suggestion of error should be overruled, however, that said in our original opinion concerning the doctrine of estoppel by laches should be clarified.
(Hn 11) We said that no period of time short of the statute of limitations can be used as supporting any laches which will constitute an equitable bar to the suit, citing Waldrop v. Whittington, 213 Miss. 567, 57 So.2d 298. Appellee correctly points out that the rule just stated applies only when time is the only factor. She points out that she relied also upon the fact that when the suit was filed Dan Sojourner was dead, thus making it difficult or impossible to defend the case. It is contended that appellant thus obtained an unjust advantage as a result of her delay in asserting the claim. We considered the fact that Dan Sojourner was dead, along with all the other circumstances, and after reconsideration, we reaffirm our holding that the chancellor was in error when he applied the doctrine of estoppel by laches after considering only the facts averred in the complaint.
Suggestion of error overruled.
McGehee, C.J., and Ethridge, McElroy and Jones, JJ., concur.