Summary
In Societa Italiana v. Sulzer (138 N.Y. 468), Lawrence v. Fox was approved, so far as to hold that where a contract was made by others for the benefit of the plaintiff, it had such an interest in the claim as to enable it to maintain the action.
Summary of this case from Spencer v. Wabash R.R. Co.Opinion
Argued May 5, 1893
Decided June 6, 1893
Lorenz Zeller for appellant. Warren W. Foster for respondent.
The action was brought to recover upon a written contract of a peculiar nature. It is admitted by the answer that the plaintiff is a domestic corporation, and that it holds by assignment whatever claim the parties who signed or executed the contract could enforce against the defendant. The complaint avers that on June 29, 1889, certain united Italian societies in the city of New York, for and in behalf of the plaintiff, a corporation organized for benevolent purposes, entered into an agreement with the defendant whereby, in consideration of the promise or agreement of such societies to hold their annual picnic and festival on her grounds, which were a park or place maintained for such purposes by her, she agreed to pay to these societies, for the benefit of the plaintiff, four hundred dollars. The festival was held upon these grounds, but the defendant never paid the sum so agreed upon. The answer, after putting in issue the making of the agreement, avers for defense and counterclaim, in a separate count, that the alleged agreement was signed by three persons who claimed to be a committee of the united Italian societies, who stated to the defendant that they represented all said societies; that they were united and not split up; that they were composed of many thousand persons; that it would be the largest picnic ever held in New York, and large profits would be derived therefrom, but they did not in fact represent all the societies; that they were not united but split up; that but a small number of persons attended, and that she went to great expense in preparing for it by employing persons to attend upon them and in purchasing goods therefor, and that, owing to the small attendance, she sustained a loss by the contract. It was not claimed that any fraudulent statement was made. The written contract is a very brief one. It states that "the undersigned committee," in behalf of the societies, for the plaintiff, "hereby engage the use of the grounds of the above-named place" for the purpose of the picnic and summer night's festival, and they agreed to be governed by the rules and regulations adopted by the defendant for the good conduct and government thereof, as set forth in a paper attached to the contract, under the penalty of forfeiting all right or claim to the use of the park and all moneys paid or deposited on account thereof. The defendant, on her part, agreed to pay the $400 for holding the festival in her park. At the General Term, the defendant's counsel stated that he did not rely upon a breach of any of the covenants in the agreement, but upon the exceptions taken at the trial. This referred to another defense set up in the answer, to the effect that the rules of the park, which were made part of the contract, had been violated, and, consequently, the contract was forfeited by the sale of wine and cigars by the societies or the committee at the festival, as such sales were expressly prohibited. That question had been submitted to the jury at the trial and a finding had in favor of the plaintiff, and the court below was not asked to pass on any question growing out of it. Therefore, there are no questions here but such as were raised by exceptions at the trial, and there are but one or two exceptions that require any notice. 1. At the opening of the trial the court, at the request of plaintiff's counsel, required defendant's counsel to elect whether he would rely upon the defenses set up in the answer as a defense merely or a counterclaim, on the ground that they were inconsistent. The defendant's counsel excepted to this ruling. 2. At the close of the case defendant's counsel moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground, among others, that the contract was not proved. This was denied and exception taken. In regard to the last question, it is sufficient to say that the writing was produced and on its face purported to have been made by the committee for the plaintiff. It was a contract made by others for the benefit of the plaintiff, and it, therefore, had such an interest in the claim as enabled it to maintain the action. ( Lawrence v. Fox, 20 N.Y. 268.) In this view the assignment was not necessary, although it is possible that the parties who signed the contract could, as the officers or representatives of unincorporated societies or associations, maintain the action under § 1919 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and if they could the assignment would carry that right to the plaintiff. Under the present system of pleading a defendant may set up as many defenses as he may have, whether inconsistent or not. ( Bruce v. Barr, 67 N.Y. 237; Goodwin v. Wortheimer, 99 id. 149; Code Civ. Pro. § 507.)
It is possible that an error was committed in compelling the defendant to elect which defense she would stand upon and requiring her to abandon the other, but if there was, it is wholly immaterial because no valid counterclaim was pleaded, and hence the defendant lost nothing by being required, in effect, to abandon a pleading that was clearly insufficient. The counterclaim did not allege any breach of the written agreement. All that it alleged was that the committee made oral statements at the time of and preceding the execution of the paper, which were mere expressions of opinion as to the number of people that would attend, and the benefit the defendant would derive from the festival. Even if they were not opinions but in the nature of promises, they were all merged in the writing, and it could not be enlarged or altered by proof of the parol statements and negotiations that preceded the final execution of the agreement. It is not claimed that there was any fraud or mistake, or that the writing itself does not embody all the obligations of the parties. Under such circumstances the writing must be conclusively presumed to express all the binding stipulations of the parties, and hence the pleading did not state any facts constituting a defense or counterclaim. The court might have held that no proof was admissible under it, and, therefore, the fact that the defendant abandoned it, under a ruling of the court requiring him to make an election, constitutes no ground of error. When the counterclaim is thus eliminated from the case, as it must be, the amount in controversy is less than $500, and consequently no appeal lies to this court from the judgment. When it appears that the cause of action stated in the complaint involves a sum less than $500, this court will not obtain jurisdiction to review the judgment by the mere fact that what purports to be a counterclaim for a greater amount appears upon the record, but will examine the pleading, and if it is plain that no facts are stated which would enable the defendant to give proof under it or to recover any counterclaim in fact, will dispose of the appeal in the same manner as if no attempt whatever had been made to interpose a counterclaim.
The appeal should, therefore, be dismissed, with costs.
All concur.
Appeal dismissed.