Summary
In Snowden v. Voyager Indemnity Ins. Co., 01-0359 (La.App. 1 Cir. 5/24/02), 825 So.2d 1223, writ denied, 02-1710 (La.10/04/02), 826 So.2d 1127, the court found that the plaintiff's expert witness was not an independent witness because the plaintiff hired him.
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No. 2001 CW 0359 R
May 24, 2002
ON APPLICATION FOR SUPERVISORY WRITS FROM THE TWENTY-FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (NUMBER 89,579), PARISH OF LIVINGSTON, STATE OF LOUISIANA HONORABLE BRUCE C. BENNETT, JUDGE
Michael J. Remondet, Jr., Scott F. Higgins, Lafayette, LA Counsel for Defendant/Relator, Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company.
Dr. Edward A. Robinson III, Baton Rouge, LA Counsel for Plaintiff/Respondent, Rev. James Snowden.
BEFORE: GONZALES, FITZSIMMONS, AND PETTIGREW, JJ.
The plaintiff, Rev. James Snowden, was driving an 18-wheeled tractor-trailer loaded with gravel on August 12, 1999. As he came into a curve in the road, he was met by another automobile that had crossed the highway median and was headed directly into his path. In an effort to avoid a collision, Rev. Snowden steered his tractor-trailer to the shoulder of the road, drove down into the ditch and up an embankment, and the vehicle flipped. Rev. Snowden sustained serious injuries and was air lifted to Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, where he stayed for six days. There were no witnesses to the accident, and the phantom vehicle was never identified.
Thereafter, on July 28, 2000, Rev. Snowden filed suit against Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company (Voyager Indemnity), his underinsured/uninsured motorist carrier. He asserted that the policy had a $100,000.00 per accident coverage limit that was in full force and effect at the time of his accident. He asserted that he had made demand upon the insurer for tender of the policy's limits more than sixty days earlier, as required by La.R.S. 22:658 and La.R.S. 22:1220, and that no tender had been made.
Rev. Snowden asked for damages for past, present and future medical expenses; past, present and future pain and suffering and mental anguish; past, present and future loss of quality of life; past, present and future loss of income; and for permanent physical and anatomical disability. His wife, Gloria M. Snowden, asked for damages for loss of consortium. Rev. Snowden also asserted that Voyager Indemnity had failed to make a good faith effort to settle the case; thus, penalties and attorneys fees should be assessed.
Voyager Indemnity answered the petition generally denying the plaintiff's claims and asserting that the accident was caused by Rev. Snowden's fault and/or legal negligence in failing to keep his vehicle under control, failing to keep a proper lookout, failing to drive safely under the conditions, and other acts of negligence to be shown at trial.
Further, Voyager Indemnity asserted that Rev. Snowden failed to carry his burden of proof in this uninsured motorist claim under La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f), wherein the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by an independent, uninterested witness, that the injury was a result of the actions of a driver of another vehicle whose identity is unknown or who is underinsured or uninsured; thus, a dismissal of plaintiff's suit at his cost should be granted.
Voyager Indemnity also moved for summary judgment, asserting that the nonexistence of an independent and disinterested witness constituted a lack of an essential element of the plaintiff's claim; thus, it was entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. In opposition to the motion for summary judgment, Rev. Snowden introduced photographs of the accident scene, his own written statement to the Port Vincent Police Department, and the affidavit of an accident reconstructionist hired by Rev. Snowden, Victor F. Summers. The affidavit of Mr. Summers, which relied in large part upon an interview with Rev. Snowden, concluded that accident was caused by Rev. Snowden taking evasive action to avoid a collision with an unknown vehicle.
The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment. Voyager Indemnity moved for a stay of the proceedings and sought expedited application for supervisory writs from this court. On February 28, 2001, this court denied the request for expedited consideration stating "This request can be reurged if the trial court lifts the stay it granted as part of the return date order and sets the hearing on the motion for summary judgment in regard to liability." Rev. James Snowden v. Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company , 2001 CW 0359 (La.App. 1 Cir. 2/28/01).
Thereafter, on June 20, 2001, this court denied writs on the showing made. Rev. James Snowden v. Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company , 2001 CW 0359 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/20/01). Judge Gonzales dissented, stating "The expert witness presented by plaintiff does not fall within the parameters of an independent and disinterested witness as required by the statute because he was hired by the plaintiff to represent his position."
Voyager Indemnity applied for supervisory and/or remedial writs to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which granted writs and remanded the case to this court for briefing, argument and opinion. Rev. James Snowden v. Voyager Indemnity Insurance Company , 2001 C.C. 2103 (La. 11/9/01).
On remand, Voyager Indemnity makes the following assignment of error:
1. The trial court erred in denying the Motion for Summary Judgment filed on behalf of defendant, VOYAGER INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY, because the plaintiff lacks factual support for an essential element of its claim for uninsured motorist benefits.
Voyager Indemnity contends that an accident reconstructionist, who is hired by the plaintiff and bases his report upon information provided by the plaintiff, is not an independent and disinterested witness as contemplated by La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f).
An appellate court's review of a summary judgment is a de novo review based upon the evidence presented at the trial court level and using the same criteria used by the trial court in deciding whether a summary judgment should be granted. Simmons v. Berry , 98-0660 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/00), 779 So.2d 910, 913-914.
It is well settled that summary judgment should only be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file together with affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue of fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The summary judgment is a favored procedure and is designed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action. La.C.C.P. art. 966; Lorraine v. Nolty J. Theriot, Inc ., 98-0479 (La.App. 1 Cir. 4/1/99), 729 So.2d 1160, 1162, writ denied, 99-1251 (La. 6/18/99), 745 So.2d 30.
If the moving party proves there is an absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party's claim, action or defense, then the nonmoving party must produce factual support sufficient to satisfy his evidentiary burden at trial. La.C.C.P. art. 966C (2). If the nonmoving party fails to do so, there is no genuine issue of material fact and summary judgment should be granted. La.C.C.P. arts. 966 and 967.
In 1991, the legislature amended La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) to mandate "miss and run" coverage under limited circumstances. Prior to that time, the legislature did not require insurance companies who sold uninsured motorist policies to include coverage for "miss and run" accidents. Thibodeaux v. Doe , 602 So.2d 1076, 1079 (La.App. 1 Cir.), writ denied, 605 So.2d 1377 (La. 1992).
However, the injured party bears the burden of proving that this "miss and run" accident occurred. Eudy v. State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Company , 620 So.2d 405, 408 (La.App. 1 Cir.), writ denied, 625 So.2d 1041 (La. 1993).
Louisiana Revised Statute 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) provides:
Uninsured motorist coverage shall include coverage for bodily injury arising out of a motor vehicle accident caused by an automobile which has no physical contact with the injured party or with a vehicle which the injured party is occupying at the time of the accident, provided that the injured party bears the burden of proving, by an independent and disinterested witness, that the injury was the result of the actions of the driver of another vehicle whose identity is unknown or who is uninsured or underinsured.
In opposition to Voyager Indemnity's motion for summary judgment, Rev. Snowden offered the affidavit of Mr. Summers which states " it is more probable than not that the subject accident was the result of a deliberate attempt by Rev. Snowden to avoid a collision with an unknown vehicle." (Emphasis in original.) The affidavit indicates that Mr. Summers obtained key information from Rev. Snowden in order to form his opinion that the accident was more probably than not caused by an unidentified driver. Mr. Summers' report assumes that Rev. Snowden's vehicle ran off the road in an evasive maneuver in order to avoid a phantom vehicle, relying upon Rev. Snowden's version of events to reach that conclusion.
The main case relied upon by Voyager Indemnity, Jackson v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company , 27,611 (La.App. 2 Cir. 12/6/95), 665 So.2d 661, is factually similar to the case at hand. In Jackson , the plaintiff allegedly veered his vehicle into a ditch to avoid an oncoming car. The phantom car did not stop, and the identity of the car and driver was never ascertained. Plaintiff drove home, reported the accident to her insurance company, and then called several friends to discuss the accident. State Farm denied coverage under plaintiff's UM policy and plaintiff filed suit.
State Farm filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging that plaintiff could not meet her burden of proof by an independent and disinterested witness that the actions of an unknown driver caused her injuries. The plaintiff opposed the motion, asserting that the individuals she spoke to after the accident were independent and disinterested witnesses.
The court noted that neither the statute nor the insurance policy defined "independent and disinterested witness" and, therefore, attributed to each word its ordinary meaning. The court determined that the people plaintiff telephoned after the accident were not independent because the only information concerning the accident that they possessed was controlled by what the plaintiff relayed to them. Moreover, the court found that the individuals were not witnesses because they did not personally observe the accident.
Thus, the court granted State Farm's motion for summary judgment and dismissed plaintiff's action, since she could not provide an independent and disinterested witness to prove her injuries were the result of a "miss and run" accident. The Jackson case is in agreement with cases from the third, fourth, and fifth circuits, which required witnesses who were not financially dependent on the plaintiff and/or had nothing to gain by offering testimony that a phantom vehicle caused the accident at issue.
In Stracener v. Millers Casualty Insurance Company of Texas , 96-138 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/6/96), 682 So.2d 940, the sole issue before the court was whether the plaintiff's daughter was an independent and disinterested witness pursuant to La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f). The Stracener court noted that the legislature enacted that statute in order to discourage fraudulent claims.
In that case, the plaintiff claimed she was forced off the road by an unidentified vehicle. There was no contact between the vehicles, and no witness to the accident except the plaintiff's daughter, who was a guest passenger. The daughter had filed a liability claim arising out of the accident seeking uninsured motorist benefits, she lived with and had a close relationship with her mother, and she was in part financially dependent upon her mother.
The Stracener court found that the daughter stood to benefit from proof of a "phantom driver" and stated that a person who is dependent, partially or wholly, upon one who stands to recover cannot be an independent and disinterested witness. In Cox v. Masun , 98-1857 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/10/99), 729 So.2d 671, writ denied, 99-0682 (La. 4/30/99), 741 So.2d 15, the plaintiff sued for injuries allegedly sustained when the driver of the van in which she was riding braked suddenly to avoid a phantom vehicle pulling into its path. There was no contact between the vehicles, and the phantom vehicle was never identified. The plaintiff sued her own insured/underinsured motorist carrier, among others. The trial court dismissed plaintiff's claims, and she appealed that decision.
The Cox court affirmed the trial court judgment, finding that the testimony of the driver of the van, who was a defendant at the time he was deposed, did not meet the requirements for an independent and disinterested witness under La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f).
In Schollnick v. Doe , 00-68 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/30/00), 802 So.2d 659, the plaintiff contended that a phantom vehicle driving recklessly changed into his lane without warning, causing him to swerve and hit an 18-wheeler. The plaintiff filed suit against his uninsured motorist carrier seeking to recover for his damages. The insurer filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that plaintiff could not provide an independent and disinterested witness under La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f). The trial court granted summary judgment, and the plaintiff appealed.
On appeal, the plaintiff asserted that the driver of the 18-wheeler was an independent and disinterested witness who could testify that a phantom vehicle caused the accident. The driver of the 18-wheeler stated in his deposition that he saw another vehicle being driven erratically, but did not see it pull into the plaintiff's lane and cause him to swerve. The Schollnick court found that this testimony simply established that another vehicle was being driven erratically, but not that it caused the accident. Thus, the court ruled that the testimony did not meet the burden of proof set forth in La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) and affirmed the summary judgment.
Rev. Snowden asserts that all of these cases can be factually distinguished from his case and, further, that Mr. Summers should qualify as an independent and disinterested witness under La.C.E. art. 702.
Although the facts of these cases may differ from the facts of the case at hand, no case has been cited by Rev. Snowden, or found by this court, which supports an interpretation of La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) that would find an expert hired by a party to a lawsuit meets the definition of an "independent and disinterested witness."
Further, the issue herein is not whether Mr. Summers could qualify as an expert witness at trial under La.C.E. art. 702, but whether Rev. Snowden has met his burden of establishing by sufficient evidence, the existence of an "independent and disinterested witness" as required by La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) in order to avoid the granting of a summary judgment in favor of Voyager Indemnity. In other words, plaintiff has failed in his burden to establish within the affidavit sufficient evidence to classify the expert as an "independent and disinterested witness."
This is not to say that, automatically, every expert is classified as failing to fall within the category of "independent and disinterested" witness. It is simply to say that in this case, plaintiff's affidavit has failed to so establish.
Assuming the statute at hand applies to summary judgments, and assuming an expert's affidavit not based on personal knowledge is admissible in a summary judgment, Mr. Summers was hired by Rev. Snowden to represent his position at trial; thus, we find that he is not an independent and disinterested witness to the accident as required by La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f). We note that other inherently reliable evidence, such as a videotape of the accident, if such were available, should be allowed to substantiate the claim of a phantom vehicle.
We note that La.R.S. 22:1406 (D)(1)(f) was amended to require an independent and disinterested witness to "miss and run" accidents in 1991. However, La.C.C.P. art. 966 was not amended to favor summary judgments until 1996; thus, this statute was probably intended by the Legislature to apply at trial on the merits of a case.
See Simmons v. Berry , 779 So.2d 910 and Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Sunbeam Corp ., 99-2181, 2257 (La. 2/29/00), 755 So.2d 226.
Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, the trial court judgment denying Voyager Indemnity's motion for summary judgment is REVERSED, and summary judgment is GRANTED in favor of Voyager Indemnity. Costs are assessed against Rev. Snowden.
Gonzales, J. also concurs and assigns reasons.
Summary judgment law requires that affidavits be made on personal knowledge. La.C.C.P. art. 967. As I first pointed out in my concurrence to Harris v. Landry , 97-0525 (La.App. 1 Cir. 4/8/98), 734 So.2d 1, 6,overruled by Simmons v. Berry , 98-0660 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/3/99), 748 So.2d 473, abrogated by Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Sunbeam Corp ., 99-2181, 2257 (La. 2/29/00), 755 So.2d 226, and repeated in my concurrence to Simmons v. Berry , 98-0660 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/3/99), 748 So.2d 473, 480, vacated by Simmons v. Berry , 98-0660 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/00), 779 So.2d 910, abrogated by Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Sunbeam Corp ., 99-2181, 2257 (La. 2/29/00), 755 So.2d 226, the personal knowledge requirement of summary judgment law does not apply to expert opinions given in depositions.
As I appreciate the opinion in Independent Fire Ins. Co. v. Sunbeam Corp ., the Louisiana Supreme Court has agreed with my position as to the question of personal knowledge in depositions. They suggest that with regard to experts, personal knowledge is not required for either depositions or affidavits when the witness giving testimony is an expert.
However, the question of "independence of a witness" is an entirely separate issue from the question of lack of personal knowledge. I have long held the belief that affidavits by experts have insurmountable problems for admission in a summary judgment setting when offered by either side.
In order to reach the level of authority to give opinion testimony, a purported expert witness must be first qualified and, secondly, his testimony must be relevant and reliable under the Daubert-Foret analysis, unless these normal requirements are waived for summary judgment purposes.
In a deposition setting, there is ample opportunity for opposing counsel to challenge both qualifications and reliability. With regard to affidavits, however, neither "independence," qualifications, nor reliability can be adequately established or attacked. The unique setting of the facts of this case involving an UM claim in a "miss and run" accident brings to light a focus on the independent nature of an affidavit requirement.
Any party wishing to present expert testimony, which is not independent, not qualified, and not reliable, could do so simply by putting that opinion in the form of an affidavit. In the affidavit in question in this case, the objectionable statement "it is more probable than not . . . that the subject accident was the result of a deliberate attempt by Rev. Snowden to avoid a collision with an unknown vehicle" not only calls on the expert to give an opinion on the credibility of the underlying testimony of Rev. Snowden, but does so in the form of the test used by a jury to determine acceptability of opinion testimony.
As I pointed out in my dissent to Lemaire v. CIBA-GEIGY Corp ., 1999-1809 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/22/01), 793 So.2d 336, 354, writ denied, 2001-2153 (La. 11/16/01), 802 So.2d 608, the test of "more probable than not" is the burden of proof test for a jury to accept a fact. It has nothing to do with the admissibility of evidence, particularly expert evidence, which is the domain of the court. The use of the phrase "more probable than not" in the affidavit highlights the ease of having affidavit by experts circumvent all relevant evidentiary rules. Using that same rationale, the expert in this case could have been asked to give a self-serving evaluation of his independence.
There are, therefore, many reasons why I think the affidavit in this case was inappropriate. My majority opinion reflects what I believe the Louisiana Supreme Court had in mind when they remanded the writ action to this court. The evidence of the expert in this case was presented by affidavit; however, it could have been presented by deposition, which would have resolved many of the problems noted above. The frequent use of summary judgment is going to require the jurisprudence of this state to focus on the issues of independence (in UM cases), and qualifications and reliability (in all cases) of testimony by experts in the summary judgment setting presented by affidavits.