Summary
In Snellings v. Downer, 193 Ga. 340, 344 (18 S.E.2d 531), it is held: "By [a] gift to a class is legally meant... an aggregate [gift] to a body of persons uncertain in number at the time of the gift, to be ascertained at a future time designated, who are to take in some definite proportion, the share of each being dependent for its amount upon the ultimate number, and is not on its face a transfer of title to any particular or designated member or members of the class.
Summary of this case from Barfield v. AikenOpinion
13877, 13878.
JANUARY 16, 1942.
Construction of will. Before Judge Perryman. Wilkes superior court. June 5, 1941.
B. W. Fortson, for plaintiffs in error. W. A. Slaton, contra.
1. If the terms of a will when legally construed are plain and unambiguous, parol evidence can not be received for the purpose of showing an intention of the testator contrary to that which the language when properly construed necessitates.
2. Under the Code, § 113-813, which follows the common law, ordinarily a lapsed devise of realty passes to the heirs at law of the testator; and this is true irrespective of whether such lapsed devise is given under the residuary clause or otherwise.
( a) This general rule with respect to a lapsed devise of realty is subject to the following exceptions, under which the residuary legatees would take: (1) where the will manifests such intention; (2) where the devise was necessarily contingent when the will was made; (3) where the devise is made not to individuals, but to a class.
( b) In determining whether a devise is to individuals or to a class, while it is true that a designation of the beneficiaries by names is not always and in itself conclusive, it is an earmark strongly indicative that the devise is to the named individuals as such; and unless a contrary intent of the testator can be gathered from the entire instrument, such individual designation will control.
3. In the instant case, the devise made by the residuary clause to certain named individuals not coming within any of the preceding exceptions, upon the death without issue of two of the beneficiaries named in the residuary clause their lapsed shares of real estate passed to the heirs at law of the testator.
4. Under the Code, § 113-813, which follows the common law, it is the rule, in the absence of any contrary intention expressed in the will, that a lapsed legacy of personalty, other than one given by the residuary clause itself, becomes a part of the residuum and passes to the residuary legatees. Where a lapsed legacy of personalty has been given under and by the terms of the residuary clause, while the decisions of other States are in conflict, the rule will be followed which appears to be more in accord with the intent of the Code itself, which conclusion appears to be founded on the better-reasoned decisions of other States, and which is the same as the rule where the personalty is given other than by the residuary clause.
5. The special legacy to the testator's wife, among other gifts to her, of "two horses and two cows" was absolute, notwithstanding the provision that she "select them;" and such legacy, although she died two days after the death of the testator, without making a selection, was not forfeited, but inured to the plaintiff administrator of the wife's estate.
6. Under the preceding rulings, the court properly awarded both realty and personalty left by the testator, except in the holding that the last-mentioned legacy of live stock passed to the surviving residuary legatees with the lapsed gifts of other personalty given in the residuary clause.
Nos. 13877, 13878. JANUARY 16, 1942.
Under the agreed facts, the will in question left to the testator's wife one hundred acres of land for life, as she might choose from his real estate, in lieu of dower; two horses and two cows, as she might "select," and half of a $1,000 life-insurance policy. After these items there was a residuary clause providing that: "All the rest, residue, and remainder of my estate, real, personal, and mixed. I give, devise, and bequeath to my brother Ed and my three sisters Minnie, Fannie, and Janie." Two sisters, Minnie and Janie, predeceased the testator; neither sister nor the testator leaving any child or descendant of child. The brother and the sister Fannie survived the testator. The brother and one of the deceased sisters were named as executors; the brother qualifying as such. The widow of the testator died intestate two days after his death, without having made any selection of land or of live stock given to her by the will. The testator owned a large tract of real estate and considerable personalty, including live stock and money in the bank. Before his death, the insurance policy, left in part to the wife, was surrendered for its cash value.
The present equitable petition was brought by the heirs at law of the widow, and by one of them as administrator of her estate, against the testator's brother, executor of his will, and the surviving sister. The petition prayed, that the rights of the petitioning heirs of the widow and all others in the lands of the testator be determined; that the lands be partitioned; that a claim filed by petitioners to the shares of the deceased sisters be consolidated and tried with the present proceeding; and for general relief. The executor and residuary legatees of the testator claimed the shares of the deceased sisters in both the real estate and personalty given by the residuary clause; and claimed the two horses and two cows given to the testator's wife, by reason of her failure to select such live stock before her death.
The plaintiffs moved to strike from the answer certain paragraphs, which set up facts and circumstances of the will, for the purpose of showing that the testator intended to give all the residuum of the estate to his brother and sisters as a class, they being his own blood, to the exclusion of the wife and members of her family, and to limit her to the specific items of the will. The defendants contend that this intent was manifested by the language of the will. Holding that the will was clear and unambiguous, the judge struck these paragraphs; held that the agreed facts raised merely questions of law, with no issue of fact; construed the language of the residuary clause as giving such residuum to the particular persons named as individuals, and not as a class; and further held that the shares of the real estate, given by the residuary clause to the two deceased sisters, having lapsed by their deaths, passed to the testator's widow as his sole heir at law, and, at her death intestate, to the plaintiffs as her heirs at law. However, as to the testator's personalty, the judge held that this "fell into the residuum," and passed to the defendants as surviving residuary legatees. He held that the two horses and cows given to the widow passed to the surviving residuary legatees, by reason of the widow's failure to select them before her death.
The residuary legatees excepted to the ruling awarding the real estate to the heirs at law of the widow and the administrator of her estate, and to the striking from their answer of the paragraphs relating to the intention of the testator. By cross-bill of exceptions the plaintiffs assigned error as to the award of all the personalty to the residuary legatees.
1. "When called upon to construe a will, the court may hear parol evidence of the circumstances surrounding the testator at the time of its execution; so the court may hear parol evidence to explain all ambiguities, both latent and patent." Code, § 113-807. But if the terms of a will when legally construed are plain and unambiguous, parol evidence can not be received for the purpose of showing an intention contrary to that which the language when properly construed necessitates. Erwin v. Smith, 95 Ga. 699 ( 22 S.E. 712); Hill v. Hill, 161 Ga. 356, 359 ( 130 S.E. 575), and cit.; Citizens Southern National Bank v. Clark, 172 Ga. 625 (2, 3), 630 ( 158 S.E. 297). Nor is parol evidence admissible to raise a latent ambiguity and then to explain it. Thweatt v. Redd, 50 Ga. 181 (3), 191; Gillespie v. Schuman, 62 Ga. 252 (2), 257. Where no such ambiguity exists as a legal construction will not resolve, the construction is for the court, and not for the jury. Phillips v. Crews, 65 Ga. 274 (3); Butler v. Prudden, 182 Ga. 189, 191 ( 185 S.E. 102). Accordingly, there being no such ambiguity in the language of the will here involved, the court did not err in striking portions of the answer which sought to show by extrinsic evidence a different intention of the testator with respect to the beneficiaries of the residuary real estate; and in holding that the construction of the residuary clause with regard to lapsed devises and bequests was a question of law for the court to determine from the will itself.
2. "If a legatee shall die before the testator, or if dead when the will is executed, but shall have issue living at the death of the testator, such legacy, if absolute and without remainder or limitation, shall not lapse, but shall vest in the issue in the same proportions as if inherited directly from their deceased ancestor." Code, § 113-812. But if a devisee or legatee shall die after the making of the will, leaving no child or descendant of child living at the death of the testator, such a lapsed devise or legacy passes in accordance with the following rules:
( a) Under the Code, § 113-813, which follows the common-law rule abrogated in many States, "ordinarily real estate described in a lapsed or void devise shall descend to the heir" of the testator. Williams v. Whittle, 50 Ga. 523, 525. As to a lapsed devise (of real estate), the rule is thus the same in passing the property to the heirs of the testator, whether the lapse related to a special devise or related to part of the residuary clause itself. See 69 C. J. 1079-1081, §§ 2315, 2316. To this rule there are three exceptions: (1) manifestly the rule is different where the will provides a contrary disposition as to such a lapsed devise; (2) where the devise was "necessarily contingent when the will was made, on failure of [which] contingency the residuary legatee shall take" (Code, § 113-813; Dillard v. Ellington, 57 Ga. 567 (17), 593), "unless the will contains Special indication of a contrary intention on the part of the testator" ( Hill v. Hill, 149 Ga. 741 ( 101 S.E. 121, 102 S.E. 151, 10 A.L.R. 1514, 1529, note); and (3) where the devise is not made to one person or to several named persons as individuals, but is plainly made to the devisee and others as members of a class, in which case the death of one merely eliminates the deceased from the class or group of beneficiaries, the survivors of whom will take the gift proportionately to their number when the devise vests. Toucher v. Hawkins, 158 Ga. 482, 484 ( 123 S.E. 618); 28 R. C. L. 260, § 233; 2 Schouler on Wills (6th ed.), 1167, 1168, § 1011.
( b) "By [a] gift to a class is legally meant . . an aggregate [gift] to a body of persons uncertain in number at the time of the gift, to be ascertained at a future time designated, who are to take in some definite proportion, the share of each being dependent for its amount upon the ultimate number, and is not on its face a transfer of title to any particular or designated member or members of the class. It is one of the characteristics of a gift to a class that its members are to be ascertained at a future time, and whenever at the time of making a will the number of beneficiaries is certain and the share each is to receive is certain and not dependent on the number who shall survive, the gift is not to a class, but to the individuals personally." Toucher v. Hawkins, supra; Redfearn on Wills (rev. ed.), 262-265, § 155, and cit. If a gift is made to beneficiaries by name, prima facie the gift is not one to a class, but to the beneficiaries as individuals, even though the persons named may possess some quality in common; and if no contrary intention appears from the context or other parts of the instrument, the beneficiaries will take as individuals, and not as a class. 28 R. C. L. 262, § 235, and cit.; 3 Page on Wills (ed. 1941), 204-208, § 1049, and cit. This is true even though "mere designation by name does not . . in all cases show that the persons were dealt with as individuals, and not as a class," but "the intention of the . . testator must be gathered from the whole instrument; and if there are other words used which show that he had the persons named in mind as a class, this intention will be allowed to control;" and even though "where persons are designated by name, and language is also used which indicates that the maker of the instrument had them in mind not as individuals but as members of a class, it must be determined which idea was uppermost or controlling in his mind." Stiles v. Cummings, 122 Ga. 635, 636 ( 50 S.E. 484), and cit.
3. The will in this case gave to the testator's wife, for life, a one-hundred acre tract to be selected by her, two horses and two cows to be selected by her, and $500 from an insurance policy, from a much larger estate consisting mostly of land; and contained a residuary clause, as follows: "All the rest, residue, and remainder of my estate, real, personal, and mixed, I give, devise, and bequeath to my brother Ed and my three sisters Minnie, Fannie, and Janie." Two of the sisters predeceased the testator. Applying the rules of law to the facts of this case, the lapsed devises of real estate given by the residuary clause will go to the heirs at law of the testator, as not coming under any of the three exceptions to the general rule. With reference to the last-stated exception, this clause must be construed as a gift to the named persons as individuals, and not to a class, since there was no contrary testamentary language to evince that they were to take as a class if any of them without leaving issue should predecease the testator. Richardson v. Burns, 142 Ga. 779 (2) ( 83 S.E. 788); Burns v. Richardson, 145 Ga. 430 (3), 438 ( 89 S.E. 418). The facts differ from those in cases where the beneficiaries were not named, or other language of the testator manifested a clear intent or a leading or uppermost idea to make the gift to a class, for some expressed reason. See, in this connection, Martin v. Trustees of Mercer University, 98 Ga. 320 ( 25 S.E. 522); Springer v. Congleton, 30 Ga. 976; Stiles v. Cummings, 122 Ga. 635, 637 ( 50 S.E. 484); Toucher v. Hawkins, supra; Davie v. Wynn, 80 Ga. 673 ( 6 S.E. 183).
4. With respect to a lapsed legacy (of personal property), the Code, § 113-813, provides that it "shall fall into the residuum and go to the residuary legatee." It was the rule at common law, and it is apparently the unanimous holding of the decisions in other States as well as in Georgia, that a lapsed gift of personalty — other than one which is given in the residuary clause itself — will become a part of the residuum, and as such will pass to the residuary legatees, unless the will itself shows a contrary intention on the part of the testator. Williams v. Whittle, 50 Ga. 523, 525; Hughes v. Allen, 31 Ga. 483, 489, 491; Word v. Mitchell, 32 Ga. 623, 624; Thweatt v. Redd, 50 Ga. 181 (2), 191; 4 Page on Wills (ed. 1941), 192, § 1428, and cit.; 69 C. J. 1072, § 2310, and cit. But where the lapse occurs as to personalty given by the residuary clause, the contrariety of opinion in other jurisdictions is thus stated by Page in his work on Wills: "If the residuary gift itself lapses, such lapsed gift does not form a new residuum in the absence of specific language showing that this is testator's intention. If there is one residuary legacy, and such legacy lapses, it passes to the heir or next of kin as intestate property if there is no gift over. If the residuum of the estate is given to two or more individually, and not as a class, and the gift to one of them lapses, the question is raised whether such lapsed gift should pass under the residuary clause to the other residuary legatee, or whether it should pass to testator's next of kin as intestate property, in the absence of language in the will which tends to show the disposition which testator intends to make of it under such circumstances. It is now settled, by the weight of authority, that a lapsed part of the residuum does not itself pass into the remainder of the residuum; but that it passes to testator's next of kin as intestate property." Decisions of eighteen States are cited, so holding, with the decisions of six States which have severely criticized the rule of the numerical majority, and have either adopted the contrary rule or held that they would do so if the question were open under previous decisions of the State. 4 Page on Wills (ed. 1941), 195, 196, § 1430. See also notes in 74 A.L.R. 547, 28 A.L.R. 1237, 44 L.R.A. (N.S.) 811, and cit.; 69 C. J. 1080, 1081, § 2316, and cit. The author continues: "This rule has been laid down in a number of cases without much reference to the underlying reason. It has been urged that the same rule which applies to the lapse of a small portion of the residuum should apply to a lapse of the great bulk thereof; that it could not have been testator's intention that a single surviving residuary legatee, to whom a small fraction of the residue was given originally, should take the entire residue in case the other residuary legatee had died before testator; and that, accordingly, every lapsed residuary gift was intestate property. In some cases the rule has been criticized quite sharply on the ground, among others, that it defeats testator's intention in more cases than it gives effect thereto. In some states the courts have held the general rule to be unsound; and have taken the position that a lapsed residue becomes a part of the residue; and passes to the remaining residuary legatees. . . Even if the rule is still recognized, it is evaded by invoking principles of construction by which the court can find that the will showed testator's intention to pass the entire residue to the surviving residuary legatee or to the descendants of the deceased legatee."
In criticizing the rule as without sound underlying reason, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania said, in Gray's Estate, 147 Pa. 67, 74 ( 23 A. 205, 206): "The rule thus established does not commend itself to sound reasoning, and is a sacrifice of the settled presumption that a testator does not mean to die intestate as to any portion of his estate, and also of his plain actual intent, shown in the appointment of general residuary legatees, that his next of kin shall not participate in the distribution at all. The rule is in fact a concession to the set policy of English law, . . to keep the devolution of property in the regular channels, to the heir and next of kin, whenever it can be done." In Wright v. Wright, 225 N.Y. 329 ( 122 N.E. 213, 217), it was said: "The reason for this distinction [between a lapse of a general legacy and a lapse of a legacy which is part of the residuum] in most cases is not very apparent, satisfactory or convincing. The one most often given is based on the assumption that it could not have been the intent of the testator in disposing of his residuary estate that a bequest of the residue thereof should be augmented by the lapse of other bequests from such residuum. . . While this course of reasoning has some apparent force where the residuum consists of a definite sum or specific property, and where it might be assumed that the testator by the residuary clause intended to make a definite bequest, it is difficult to appreciate the force of the reason in such a case as the present one, where the residuum . . consists of a certain portion of an estate of unknown value, and where there seems no good reason for withholding application to the residuary clause and lapsed legacy of the principles ordinarily covering such a situation." In such cases, as was said in Corbett v. Skaggs, 111 Kan. 380 ( 207 P. 819, 28 A.L.R. 1230), the controlling principles are that "the actual purpose of the testator, so far as it can be ascertained, must be given effect," and "the presumption against intestacy of any part of the estate." With reference to the language in some decisions, that a bequest which is part of the residue in the residuary clause can not " fall into the residue, because it is a part of the residue, and it must pass as intestate estate" (Lyman v. Coolidge, 176 Mass. 7, 56 N.E. 831; Dresel v. King, 198 Mass. 546, 85 N.E. 77, 126 Am. St. R. 459, 460; citations in 28 R. C. L. 339, § 331), it was said in the Corbett case that such reasoning "appears rather to play upon words than to point out any real difficulty." The mere use of the word "fall" would seem to be without particular significance as showing any distinction between a lapsed legacy (of personalty) given in the residuary clause, and a lapsed legacy given in another part of the will. If it lapses, it merely passes to some one just the same, whether it "falls" or whether it merely continues in the residuary clause. See also West v. West, 89 Ind. 529; Holbrook v. McCleary, 79 Ind. 167; Gray v. Bailey, 42 Ind. 349; Hedges v. Payne, 85 Ind. App. 394 ( 154 N.E. 293; Waln's Estate, 156 Pa. 194, 197 ( 27 A. 60); Aitken v. Sharp, 93 N.J. Eq. 336 ( 115 A. 912); Prison Asso. v. Russell's Admr., 103 Va. 563 ( 49 S.E. 966); 31 Yale Law Journal, 782, and note; 2 Jarman on Wills (6th ed.), 1056-1058.
In this State the question as to the disposition of a lapsed legacy (of personalty) in the residuary clause itself remains an open one, in which this court is free to look to sound underlying reasons, without being bound by any adjudication which the court has previously made. In Silcox v. Nelson, 24 Ga. 84 (2), 90, on which counsel for the heirs particularly relies, the ruling that "a legacy lapsed does not fall into the residuum, where it is manifest from the will that the testator did not intend that the residuary legatees, from the nature of the bequests or devises to them, should take any part of a legacy," was based upon the fact that "the residuum is given in distinct parcels," and each residuary legatee was given particularly described property, so that under the rule that "it is to be presumed in such case that [the testator] had expressed all that each residuary legatee should take," as in the case of Loyd v. Loyd, 4 Bevan, 231, there cited, the lapsed described part of the residue went to the testator's next of kin. Accordingly, where in this case, contrary to the situation in the Silcox case, the residuary estate was given generally, without description of any property or parcel, to the four residuary legatees by name, and the legacies of two lapsed by their deaths without issue before the death of the testator, such shares of the personalty did not go to the next of kin or heirs of the testator, but to the other residuary legatees.
This construction accords with the manifest purpose of the Code, § 113-813, to distinguish between lapsed devises (of realty) and legacies (of personalty), without regard to whether such gifts are made in the residuary clause or elsewhere in the will; the former going to the heirs, with the exceptions previously stated, and the latter to the residuary legatees. Although the statute provides that the "legacy of personal property shall fall into the residuum," the language lacks significance for reasons already discussed, and the more so because immediately thereafter it is provided that the legacy shall " go to the residuary legatee." It can not be held that either the residuary clause or the remaining testamentary language indicated any intention to take from the residuary legatees any lapsed shares of personalty which would go to them under the statute, since the only special devises or bequests were to the testator's wife, and the entire residuary estate was then given to the testator's own blood, his brother and sisters, without further reference to the wife and with no reference to her heirs, who now claim all of the residuary estate to the exclusion of the testator's kindred, following the widow's death soon after the testator died.
5. The will provided: "I will and bequeath to my wife, Willie, two horses and two cows. I direct she select them." The answer of the residuary legatees to the petition of the widow's heirs states, and it was undisputed, that the widow "died two days after the death of her husband, and had made no selection of said property." The court held that since the widow "did not select" this live stock, that property passed to the residuary legatees, the same as other personalty; and the plaintiff heirs of the widow excepted to this ruling. In Hilton v. Sherman, 155 Ga. 624, 628 ( 118 S.E. 356), the will provided that the executors furnish to the testator's wife "a home to be selected by her, and to be her property, at a cost of not exceeding five thousand dollars;" and the widow died without the selection or furnishing of any such home or any demand therefor. This court held that "such gift is absolute and unconditional; and failure of the wife to select such home during her life will not defeat said legacy, the right of selection of the home not being a condition precedent, the non-performance of which will defeat the gift." That ruling controlling the instant question, this legacy of live stock to the widow was not forfeited by her failure to make a selection before her death only two days after the death of the testator; but the legacy inured to the benefit of her administrator, a party plaintiff in this case.
Judgment affirmed on the main bill of exceptions: affirmed in part and reversed in part on the cross-bill. All the Justices concur.