Opinion
(June Term, 1861.)
1. Where slaves were conveyed to a feme covert, by a deed of gift, and the first clause of the conveyance passed the legal estate to her and the heirs of her body, it was Held, that a subsequent clause of the conveyance, restraining her husband from all control over said slaves, was inconsistent with the first clause and inoperative, and that the slaves vested in the husband jure mariti.
2. Held further, that in order to create a separate estate in a feme covert, there must be words sufficient to raise a trust for her benefit.
CAUSE removed from the Court of Equity of WILKES.
One Robert Martin, the father of the plaintiff, Amelia Smith, who is a married woman suing by her next friend, conveyed to her a female slave by the following deed:
"STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA — Wilkes County.
"To all whom it may concern, know ye, that for and in (180) consideration of the natural love and affection, and for other good consideration, hath given and delivered unto my daughter, Amelia Smith, the wife of Samuel P. Smith, my negro girl, named Dinah, aged about twenty-one years, a slave, for life, which said negro girl, Dinah, I bind myself, my heirs, executors, administrators, to warrant and defend unto the said Amelia Smith, and the lawful heirs of her body forever, which said negro, Dinah, with her increase, if any, is not to be at the disposal of Samuel P. Smith in no manner whatever, but is to remain the inheritance of Amelia M. Smith, and the heirs of her body forever. In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Martin, have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal, this 13 March, 1835.
R. MARTIN. (Seal.)
Test: R. C. MARTIN."
The bill states that the defendant Leland Martin, with full knowledge of the above recited deed, the same having been duly registered, purchased from the husband of the plaintiff a certain slave, one of the increase of Dinah, the slave mentioned in the deed to Mrs. Smith, and holds the same color of a deed from her husband, Samuel P. Smith, and the object of the bill is to have the defendant declared a trustee for the plaintiff.
The answer resists the recovery upon the ground that, by force of this deed, the absolute legal estate in this slave passed to Mrs. Smith, and vested in her husband jure mariti, and, consequently, the conveyance to the defendant was valid. The cause was set for hearing upon the bill, answer and exhibits, and was transferred to this Court by consent.
Boyden, for the plaintiff.
Barber, for the defendant.
The equity of the bill depends upon the construction of the deed of Robert Martin, dated 13 March, 1835. The question (181) is, whether that deed creates a trust, in equity, for the separate use of the wife. After an attentive consideration of its contents, we think it does not.
The deed conveys to the feme covert the slave in terms appropriate to a common law conveyance of the absolute legal estate. No word is used from which it can be inferred that the property was to be held in trust for her; but, on the contrary, it is signified in the strongest and most direct terms that she was to have the legal estate and the legal control. After thus disposing of it, the declaration is made that said property is not to be at the disposal of her husband in any manner whatever, but is to remain the inheritance of the said feme and the heirs of her body forever. The purpose to exclude the husband from a power of disposal is manifest, but this purpose is inconsistent with the previously expressed purpose, equally manifest, that she should have the absolute legal estate. As the husband's responsibility for his wife and children is great, the law invests him with rights in the wife's estate to aid him in meeting this responsibility, and the Courts will not divest him of them upon light grounds
It seems to us, a constructive trust allowed to have this effect, ought to be raised only in case some word is used to signify an intention to withdraw the property from the woman's absolute legal control and to establish a trust for her, to the exclusion of her husband. To give in terms appropriate and explicit, a legal estate to a married woman, without such word, and then to declare her husband shall not have the disposal of it, is to express inconsistent ideas. Which of them was paramount in the mind of the donor, and, consequently, what was his intention, we do not certainly know. But the obvious inference from the language used is, that he intended his daughter should have the absolute legal estate and control, without the trammels and expense of a trust; and that his son-in-law should not dispose of the same in any manner. The one is as manifest as the other, and these are inconsistent intentions which can not stand together. In respect to wills, that are construed with more leniency than deeds, we are not aware of any case in which a trust has been held to exist, unless words were used (182) indicating a purpose to make a trust. However inartificial, or wanting in technicalities, some phrase was used from which such an intention was gathered. In the cases in North Carolina to which our attention has been directed, where constructive trusts for married women have been the subjects of consideration, words indicating a purpose to raise a trust (such as use, benefit or trust), have been uniformly employed, with one exception, and the question has not been as to the existence of the purpose, but as to its effect in excluding the husband from participation as a cestui qui trust.
The exception referred to is Ashecraft v. Little, 39 N.C. 236, where the omission of such words as might indicate a purpose to establish a trust, was lost sight of or postponed to another defect that was fatal to the equity of the will. That case did not turn at all upon the point that is now before us.
In Margetts v. Barringer, 10 Eng. Con. Chan., 158, which is relied on by complainants as authority, the words are "to the sole use" of the feme covert, which distinguishes it from the case before us, and shows an intention to create a trust or use in the property distinct from the legal estate.
We are of opinion, therefore, that while it sufficiently appears the donor of the slave desired to exclude the husband from any right of property in the same, it does not sufficiently appear that he desired or intended to accomplish it by the only mode that could be effectual for that purpose.
The wife took an absolute legal estate in the slave, Dinah, and her increase, and they were subject to the matrimonial rights of the husband.
PER CURIAM. Bill dismissed with costs.
(183)