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In Smith, we held that counsel's failure to object to Oregon's nonunanimous jury instruction prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 US, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 206 L.Ed.2d 583 (2020), was reasonable.
Summary of this case from Perkins v. FhuereOpinion
A173925
03-30-2022
Ronnie Scott SMITH, aka Ronnie Scott Medinger, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Brandon KELLY, Superintendent, Oregon State Penitentiary, Defendant-Respondent.
Jedediah Peterson and O'Connor Weber LLC filed the brief for appellant. Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General, and Rebecca M. Auten, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.
Jedediah Peterson and O'Connor Weber LLC filed the brief for appellant.
Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General, and Rebecca M. Auten, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.
Before James, Presiding Judge, and Lagesen, Chief Judge, and Joyce, Judge.
LAGESEN, C. J. In 2015, in a case tried to a jury in Multnomah County, petitioner was convicted of first-degree rape and first-degree sexual abuse. The law at the time, and for 43 years prior, permitted criminal convictions by nonunanimous juries in cases tried in state courts. So, without objection from petitioner's lawyer, the trial court instructed the jury that only 10 jurors need agree on defendant's guilt to convict. The jury unanimously agreed that petitioner was guilty of sexual abuse but split 11-1 on whether petitioner was guilty of rape.
In this post-conviction proceeding, petitioner invokes Ramos v. Louisiana , 590 U.S. ––––, 140 S. Ct. 1390, 206 L. Ed. 2d 583 (2020), to seek relief from his convictions on the ground that his trial counsel rendered inadequate and ineffective assistance of counsel, in violation of his rights under Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, and the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, by not objecting to the instruction to the jury that it need not be unanimous. He also seeks relief on other grounds. The post-conviction court denied relief and entered judgment against petitioner. On appeal, petitioner raises multiple assignments of error. We reject all of them, writing only to discuss petitioner's claim regarding trial counsel's failure to object to the nonunanimous jury instruction.
We accept the post-conviction court's supported implicit and explicit factual findings and review for legal error. Green v. Franke , 357 Or. 301, 312, 350 P.3d 188 (2015). At issue in this matter are parallel claims of inadequate assistance of trial counsel under Article I, section 11, and ineffective assistance of trial counsel under the Sixth Amendment. To establish that his trial counsel rendered inadequate assistance for purposes of Article I, section 11, petitioner was required to prove two elements: (1) a performance element: that trial counsel "failed to exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment"; and (2) a prejudice element: that "petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's inadequacy." Johnson v. Premo , 361 Or. 688, 699, 399 P.3d 431 (2017). A functionally equivalent two-element standard governs petitioner's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment. Id. To prevail on that claim, petitioner was required to demonstrate that "trial counsel's performance ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness’ " and also that "there was a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ " Id. at 700, 399 P.3d 431 (quoting Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) ).
Petitioner's parallel claims fail as a matter of law at the first element. Petitioner asserts that, given Ramos , his lawyer's failure to object to the nonunanimous jury instruction constitutes a failure to exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment. The contention conflicts with Oregon Supreme Court precedent. Under that precedent, the obligation to exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment—under either constitution—does not encompass an obligation to augur an about-face by the United States Supreme Court. Miller v. Lampert , 340 Or. 1, 15-16, 125 P.3d 1260 (2006).
In this instance, when petitioner's case went to the jury, controlling United States Supreme Court precedent established that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments did not demand unanimous jury verdicts in criminal cases prosecuted in the state courts. Apodaca v. Oregon , 406 U.S. 404, 92 S. Ct. 1628, 32 L. Ed. 2d 184 (1972). That rule of law had been steady and stable for 43 years. Ramos , 590 U.S. at ––––, 140 S. Ct. at 1428 n. 10 (Alito, J., dissenting) (listing cases in which the United States Supreme Court declined invitations to overrule Apodaca ). Neither Article I, section 11, nor the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, required counsel to foresee that in five years the Court would decamp from the path it mapped nearly a half century earlier. Miller , 340 Or. at 16, 125 P.3d 1260 ("Counsel was not required to anticipate that two years later the United States Supreme Court would reverse course in Apprendi [v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000) ], interpret the Sixth Amendment and Due Process Clauses as the dissent had urged in Almendarez-Torres [v. United States , 523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 140 L. Ed. 2d 350 (1998) ], and read its decision in Almendarez-Torres as establishing only a narrow exception to the new rule announced in Apprendi ."); see Ramos , 590 U.S. at ––––, 140 S. Ct. at 1420 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring) ("[A]s to ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, an attorney presumably would not have been deficient for failing to raise a constitutional jury-unanimity argument before today's decision—or at the very least, before the Court granted certiorari in this case."); see also, e.g. , State v. Thompson , 324 So. 3d 113, 119 (La. Ct. App. 1st Cir. 2021) (rejecting claim that counsel was ineffective for not raising jury nonunanimity issue before decision in Ramos ).
Louisiana and Oregon are the only two states that allowed nonunanimous jury verdicts in felony cases leading up to the decision in Ramos . See Ramos , 590 U.S. at ––––, 140 S. Ct. at 1394.
Affirmed.