Summary
In Smith, the defendant employer enjoyed a qualified privilege to make a defamatory statement because he did not broadcast the statement farther than necessary.
Summary of this case from Duma v. Carson City Hosp.Opinion
Docket No. 108143.
Decided July 11, 1989.
Winshall, Radner Curhan (by Susan Winshall and Shelley P. Hutton), for plaintiff.
Bieber Nickerson (by Walter Bieber), for defendants.
Before: WAHLS, P.J., and WEAVER and CAVANAGH, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from a circuit court order which granted summary disposition in favor of defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.
I
The trial court granted summary disposition based on its findings that (1) there was no defamation of plaintiff because defendant Robin Fergan had made no accusation of theft and no publication and (2) plaintiff's dismissal was not improper because plaintiff was an at-will employee. We agree with plaintiff's contention that the trial court erred in finding no defamatory statement and no publication. However, in granting summary disposition the trial court reached the right result for the wrong reason.
The elements of a cause of action for defamation are: (1) a false and defamatory statement; (2) an unprivileged communication to a third party; (3) fault amounting to at least negligence on the part of the publisher; and (4) actionability of the statement. Hodgins Kennels, Inc v Durbin, 170 Mich. App. 474, 479-480; 429 N.W.2d 189 (1988). Here, there was both a defamatory statement and publication to a third party. The words uttered by defendant Robin Fergan implied an accusation of theft and could be so understood by a reasonable person. Line v Spies, 139 Mich. 484, 488; 102 N.W. 993 (1905). See also SJI2d 118.04. Because plaintiff was one of two employees towards whom the statement was directed, it is reasonable to conclude that the words were directed at plaintiff as a member of this group and were published in the presence of a third person. Ball v White, 3 Mich. App. 579, 583-584; 143 N.W.2d 188 (1966); Grist v The Upjohn Co, 16 Mich. App. 452, 483; 168 N.W.2d 389 (1969).
Because the trial court found no defamatory statement, the court did not reach the issue of whether the statement was one of qualified privilege. The elements of qualified privilege are: (1) good faith; (2) an interest to be upheld; (3) a statement limited in scope to this purpose; (4) a proper occasion; and (5) publication in a proper manner and to proper parties only. Bufalino v Maxon Bros, Inc, 368 Mich. 140, 153; 117 N.W.2d 150 (1962). An employer has the qualified privilege to defame an employee by publishing statements to other employees whose duties interest them in the same subject matter. Tumbarella v The Kroger Co, 85 Mich. App. 482, 494; 271 N.W.2d 284 (1978). A plaintiff may overcome a qualified privilege only by showing that the statement was uttered with actual malice, i.e., with knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard of the truth. Peterfish v Frantz, 168 Mich. App. 43, 53; 424 N.W.2d 25 (1988). The issue of actual malice is generally one of fact for the jury and for which supporting facts must be given; general allegations of malice are insufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact. Id.; Tumbarella, supra at 494-495.
Here, the statement was one of qualified privilege because it was made between persons having an interest in the subject matter of the communication, thereby rebutting a prima facie inference of malice on the part of defendant Robin Fergan. See Harrison v Arrow Metal Products Corp, 20 Mich. App. 590, 611; 174 N.W.2d 875 (1969); Livingston v Bradford, 115 Mich. 140, 144; 73 N.W. 135 (1897). In order to establish a genuine issue of material fact, therefore, plaintiff needed to allege facts which would infer actual malice. Peterfish, supra. However, plaintiff's complaint presented no supporting facts on the question of malice, but made only general allegations that defendant Robin Fergan "maliciously uttered" the challenged statement.
Viewing the facts of this case in a light most favorable to plaintiff, it cannot be said that defendant Robin Fergan showed reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of her statement, but that the statement was merely an attempt to determine whether one of the employees had taken the money. Accordingly, it would not have been possible for plaintiff to prevail on her claim at trial, Peterfish, supra, at 48-49, and the trial court's grant of summary disposition was proper for a reason other than that given by the trial court. This Court will not reverse where the trial court reached the right result for the wrong reason. Id. at 53.
II
We are unpersuaded by plaintiff's argument that the trial court improperly granted summary disposition on the basis that plaintiff was an at-will employee who could be discharged without cause at any time.
In order to imply a contract terminable for just cause, a court must find an objective as well as a subjective expectancy of employment terminable for just cause. Toussaint v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 Mich. 579, 610; 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980), reh den 409 Mich. 1101 (1980); Struble v Lacks Industries, Inc, 157 Mich. App. 169, 175; 403 N.W.2d 71 (1986). Here, the agreement's plain language refutes the contention that the agreement established an implied contract not to fire plaintiff upon discovery of shortages. The employment agreement which plaintiff signed, by which plaintiff agreed to be financially responsible for shortages of store merchandise and cash, did not state that repayment of the shortages was the sole remedy of her employer. Nor does it appear from a review of the record that defendants ever made such representations to plaintiff. No implied contract arose from plaintiff's mere subjective expectancy that she would not be fired except for just cause. Longley v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 136 Mich. App. 336, 340-341; 356 N.W.2d 20 (1984); Schwartz v Michigan Sugar Co, 106 Mich. App. 471, 478; 308 N.W.2d 459 (1981), lv den 414 Mich. 870 (1982).
Accordingly, it would not have been possible for plaintiff to prevail on her claim of implied contract at trial. Schwartz, supra at 476. Hence the trial court did not err in granting summary disposition on the basis that plaintiff's employment contract was terminable at will. Toussaint, supra.
Affirmed.