Opinion
Docket No. 133984.
Submitted November 10, 1992, at Grand Rapids.
Decided February 1, 1993, at 9:05 A.M.
Gruel, Mills, Nims Pylman (by J. Clarke Nims and Brion J. Brooks), for the plaintiff.
Cholette, Perkins Buchanan (by Robert J. Riley), for Francis Childs.
Before: MACKENZIE, P.J., and GRIFFIN and CONNOR, JJ.
Defendant Francis Childs appeals as of right the judgment entered against him pursuant to a jury's verdict. We affirm.
Plaintiff's now deceased husband purchased a life insurance policy from defendant Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company through defendant Childs, an employee of defendant Farm Bureau Marketing Corporation. On the application, the decedent falsely stated that he had not been convicted of three or more speeding offenses in the previous three years, when in fact he had been convicted of over a dozen.
Plaintiff's husband was killed in a motor vehicle accident. Farm Bureau Life refused to pay his life insurance benefits, claiming that the decedent had made a material misrepresentation on the application. Plaintiff brought this action seeking enforcement of the policy against Farm Bureau Life and damages against Farm Bureau Marketing and Childs for Childs' negligence in submitting an application he knew to be inaccurate. Plaintiff claimed that Childs was aware of the decedent's driving record, and negligently permitted the decedent to sign the life insurance application containing an inaccurate response.
On the eve of the trial, plaintiff and Farm Bureau Life entered into a release and settlement agreement. Plaintiff agreed to continue to pursue her claims against the remaining defendants to the full extent of the law, and to release Farm Bureau Life from all liability arising out of the life insurance contract. In exchange, Farm Bureau Life agreed to pay plaintiff up to $20,000, depending on how much plaintiff ultimately recovered from the remaining defendants. If plaintiff recovered $20,000 or more from Farm Bureau Marketing and Childs, Farm Bureau Life would pay plaintiff nothing. If plaintiff recovered less than $20,000 from Childs and Farm Bureau Marketing, Farm Bureau Life would pay plaintiff the difference between $20,000 and plaintiff's actual recovery.
Plaintiff's case against Childs went to trial. A jury found that Childs had been negligent and that plaintiff's damages were $100,000. The jury determined that the decedent's comparative negligence accounted for forty percent of the total damages, and the award to plaintiff was reduced to $60,000.
Farm Bureau Marketing was apparently never served with a complaint, and never appeared before the trial court. After the verdict against Childs, plaintiff had her claim against Farm Bureau Marketing dismissed without prejudice pursuant to MCR 2.504(A)(1) (a).
At issue on appeal is the propriety and effect of the settlement agreement between plaintiff and Farm Bureau Life. Defendant Childs contends that the agreement was a Mary Carter agreement, and should be declared void as contrary to public policy. We disagree.
Booth v Mary Carter Paint Co, 202 So.2d 8 (Fla App, 1967).
The distinguishing characteristics of a Mary Carter agreement are that it (1) not act as a release, so the agreeing defendant remains in the case, (2) is structured in a way that it caps the agreeing defendant's potential liability and gives that defendant an incentive to assist the plaintiff's case against the other defendants, and (3) is kept secret from the other parties and the trier of fact, causing all to misunderstand the agreeing defendant's motives. See Ward v Ochoa, 284 So.2d 385, 387 (Fla, 1973). Courts have found that such agreements deny the nonagreeing defendants a fair trial. See id. at 388.
We conclude that this agreement was not a Mary Carter agreement. The agreement was not kept secret, and because it released Farm Bureau Life from liability, the insurance company played no part in the trial.
Moreover, the agreement did not cause any detrimental effect on Childs' trial. It did not result in any participant in the trial having misunderstood or hidden motives. And it did not foreclose Childs from demonstrating to the jury that a breach of contract by Farm Bureau Life, and not his negligence, was the cause of plaintiff's injury.
If Childs had established that Farm Bureau Life had no right to rescind the contract but had simply breached it, Childs would have had no liability because any negligence on his part would not have been the cause of plaintiff's injury.
Childs contends the agreement should be void as being champertous, because it required plaintiff to continue her litigation against Childs, and Farm Bureau Life would benefit from any judgment entered against him. Champerty was the common-law offense of assisting another to maintain a suit in exchange for a share of the proceeds. This argument fails because the defense of champerty does not exist in Michigan except as specified by statute with regard to attorneys. Grant v Stecker Huff, Inc, 300 Mich. 174, 177; 1 N.W.2d 500 (1942); Wildey v Crane, 63 Mich. 720; 30 N.W. 327 (1886); see MCL 600.919; MSA 27A.919.
The agreement was not without its potential hazards. Chief among them was that it effectively barred plaintiff from settling her dispute with Childs for less than $20,000. However, the agreement was reached the day before the trial began and the record gives no indication that Childs was interested in settling for any amount even if this agreement had not been reached.
We are not faced with, and do not decide, how a trial court should respond to such an agreement when a defendant left out of the agreement does wish to settle. One possible response would be to give that defendant time to make an offer of judgment pursuant to MCR 2.405. This would let that defendant recover any expenses incurred as the result of facing a plaintiff who rejects a reasonable settlement offer.
We see no reason to invalidate the agreement as being contrary to public policy. As long as the terms are not kept secret, such an agreement does not harm the integrity of the legal system and can further the goal of resolving disputes amicably. Childs is not entitled to a new trial because of plaintiff's settlement agreement with Farm Bureau Life.
Childs next argues that plaintiff's release of Farm Bureau Life from liability should act to release him as well. We disagree.
Under the common law, release of an agent acted to discharge a vicariously liable principal, and release of the principal discharged the agent. Geib v Slater, 320 Mich. 316, 321; 31 N.W.2d 65 (1948). Plaintiff released Farm Bureau Life from all liability, not just liability premised on a breach of contract. Thus, under the common law, if plaintiff could have claimed against Farm Bureau Life under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the negligence of Childs, then plaintiff's release of that liability would have discharged Childs' liability as well.
We cannot say whether Farm Bureau Life was vicariously liable for Childs' negligence because Childs did not raise this issue in the trial court. Everyone admitted that Childs was an agent of Farm Bureau Marketing. The record gives no indication of the relationship between Farm Bureau Marketing and Farm Bureau Life. Had Childs, upon learning of the settlement agreement, moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), a record could have been established regarding Farm Bureau Life's liability under the doctrine of respondeat superior.
Our statutes provide that a release of one of two or more persons liable in tort for the same injury does not discharge "any of the other tort-feasors from liability" unless the release says it does. MCL 600.2925d; MSA 27A.2925(4). In Theophelis v Lansing General Hosp, 430 Mich. 473; 424 N.W.2d 478 (1988), our Supreme Court struggled with the effect the enactment of the statute had on the common-law rule. The Court found that, because a vicariously liable principal is not a tortfeasor, id. at 483, as that term is used in the statute, the statute did not abrogate the common-law rule that release of an agent discharged the principal. Id. at 491, 493; see also Felsner v McDonald Rent-A-Car, Inc, 193 Mich. App. 565; 484 N.W.2d 408 (1992). The Court concluded that "[a]ny other result would be illogical and unjust because release of the agent removes the only basis for imputing liability to the principal." Theophelis, supra at 491. However, it is equally true that the liability of the agent is not dependent upon the agent's relationship to the principal but is attributable to his own misconduct.
We conclude that enactment of the statute did abrogate the common-law rule that release of the principal discharged the liability of the agent. By the plain wording of the statute, if the principal obtains a release, that release does not discharge any other tortfeasor, including its agent, from liability unless the release says it does. MCL 600.2925d(a); MSA 27A.2925(4)(a). Because the release in this case did not say that it discharged Childs' liability, it did not discharge the agent from liability. Therefore, even if Farm Bureau Life was vicariously liable for Childs' negligence, the release of Farm Bureau Life had no effect on Childs' liability.
Finally, Childs argues that the settlement agreement violated his statutory right to either a setoff or contribution. He argues that the trial court should not have approved the settlement without taking this into account. We disagree.
Our statutes provide for a right to contribution, based on relative fault, MCL 600.2925b; MSA 27A.2925(2), when two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to a person. MCL 600.2925a; MSA 27A.2925(1). A person liable in tort who reaches a settlement releasing the person's liability may be free from contribution claims made by other tort-feasors. MCL 600.2925d(c); MSA 27A.2925(4)(c). In exchange, the claim against those tortfeasors is reduced, or set off, by the greater of the "amount stipulated by the release . . . or . .. the amount of the consideration paid for it." MCL 600.2925d(b); MSA 27A.2925(4)(b).
Childs' complaint is that the statute anticipates that a nonsettling tortfeasor will have the benefit of either a setoff or contribution, and, because of the terms of the agreement, he has been denied the benefit of either. We agree that the settlement agreement prevented him from obtaining the benefit of a setoff; it stipulated no amount of liability it was discharging, and the consideration paid for it turned out to be nothing. The result was the judgment against him was in no way reduced because of the settlement.
However, we cannot conclude that the agreement unfairly prejudiced any claim of contribution Childs might have against Farm Bureau Life. For Farm Bureau Life's liability for contribution to have been discharged, the release from liability must have been given in good faith. MCL 600.2925d; MSA 27A.2925(4). We are not deciding whether Childs has a surviving right to contribution from Farm Bureau Life; that is for another forum to decide. See MCL 600.2925c; MSA 27A.2925(3). We are only saying that concern regarding Childs' right to contribution should not have caused the trial court to reject the settlement agreement. The statute's "good faith" test sufficiently protects any right to contribution from Farm Bureau Life Childs may have.
Affirmed.