Summary
finding Stewart distinguishable because "plaintiffs alleged no injury separate and distinct from termination of their at-will employment"
Summary of this case from Hopkins v. Hopkins Envtl. Grp., Inc.Opinion
No. 19.
Argued January 10, 2008.
Decided February 12, 2008.
APPEAL, by permission of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the First Judicial Department, from an order of that Court, entered March 8, 2007. The Appellate Division order, insofar as appealed from, modified, on the law, an order of the Supreme Court, New York County (Richard B. Lowe III, J.; op 2007 NY Slip Op 31038[U]), which had granted defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint. The modification consisted of reinstating plaintiffs' cause of action for fraudulent inducement. The Appellate Division affirmed the order as modified. The following question was certified by the Appellate Division: "Was the order of this Court, which modified the order of the Supreme Court, properly made?"
Smalley v Dreyfus Corp., 40 AD3d 99, reversed.
Reed Smith LLP, New York City ( Gil Feder, Paul P. Rooney and Lance Gotthoffer of counsel), for appellants. I. The Appellate Division order should be reversed because a promise related to continued employment or a promise regarding a future act cannot be relied upon by an at-will employee. ( Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293; Tannehill v Paul Stuart, Inc., 226 AD2d 117; Skillgames, LLC v Brody, 1 AD3d 247; Garwood v Sheen Shine, 175 AD2d 569; Arias v Women in Need, 274 AD2d 353; O'Connor v Harbrew Imports, Ltd., 4 Misc 3d 1016[A], 2004 NY Slip Op 50909[U]; Demov, Morris, Levin Shein v Glantz, 53 NY2d 553; Bower v Atlis Sys., 182 AD2d 951; Attas v Park E. Animal Hosp., 235 AD2d 246; Stewart v Jackson Nash, 976 F2d 86.) II. Plaintiffs cannot masquerade their deficient breach of contract claims as fraud claims. ( Dalton v Union Bank of Switzerland, 134 AD2d 174; Tannehill v Paul Stuart, Inc., 226 AD2d 117; Stewart v Jackson Nash, 976 F2d 86; Sforza v Health Ins. Plan of Greater N.Y., 210 AD2d 214; McKernin v Fanny Farmer Candy Shops, 176 AD2d 233; Nagle v Shearson Lehman Bros., 190 AD2d 568; Arias v Women in Need, 274 AD2d 353; R.H. Damon Co., Inc. v Softkey Software Prods., Inc., 811 F Supp 986; Tesoro Petroleum Corp. v Holborn Oil Co., 108 AD2d 607; Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293.)
The Law Offices of Neal Brickman, P.C., New York City ( Neal Brickman and Melinda M. Dus of counsel), for respondents. I. Defendants intentionally misrepresented an existing fact unrelated to continued employment. ( Stewart v Jackson Nash, 976 F2d 86; Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293; Tannehill v Paul Stuart, Inc., 226 AD2d 117; Skillgames, LLC v Brody, 1 AD3d 247; O'Connor v Harbrew Imports, Ltd., 4 Misc 3d 1016[A], 2004 NY Slip Op 50909[U]; Attas v Park E. Animal Hosp., 235 AD2d 246; Garwood v Sheen Shine, 175 AD2d 569.) II. Plaintiffs set forth a well-pleaded cause of action for fraudulent inducement. ( First Nationwide Bank v 965 Amsterdam, 212 AD2d 469; Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. v Perla, 65 AD2d 207; Backer v Lewit, 180 AD2d 134; Stewart v Jackson Nash, 976 F2d 86; Navaretta v Group Health, 191 AD2d 953; Sabo v Delman, 3 NY2d 155; Gamier v J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 863 F Supp 139; Moore v PaineWebber, Inc., 189 F3d 165.) III. Plaintiffs allege injury and damages that are separate and apart from damages resulting from their termination. ( Stewart v Jackson Nash, 976 F2d 86; Gamier v J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 863 F Supp 139; Sabo v Delman, 3 NY2d 155; Dalton v Union Bank of Switzerland, 134 AD2d 174; Sforza v Health Ins. Plan of Greater N.Y., 210 AD2d 214; Nagle v Shearson Lehman Bros., 190 AD2d 568; Backer v Lewit, 180 AD2d 134; Cole v Kobs Draft Adv., Inc., 921 F Supp 220.) IV On a motion to dismiss, the facts alleged by plaintiffs should be accepted as true and plaintiffs should be afforded all reasonable inferences therefrom. ( Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633; Melito v Interboro-Mutual Indem. Ins. Co., 73 AD2d 819; Foley v D'Agostino, 21 AD2d 60.)
Before: Judges CIPARICK, GRAFFEO, READ, SMITH, PIGOTT and JONES.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Five at-will employees sued their former employer, the Dreyfus Corporation, for fraudulent inducement to enter into and remain in the employment of Dreyfus. We conclude that these plaintiffs have not stated a cause of action.
As alleged in the amended complaint, in January 2001, plaintiff Gerald Thunelius, then the director of Dreyfus' Taxable Fixed Income Group (TFIG), heard a rumor that Mellon Financial Corporation, Dreyfus' parent corporation, had made an offer to acquire the fund management company of Standish, Ayer Wood. When asked, Dreyfus' chief executive officer (CEO) told Thunelius that no merger had occurred or was being considered. Relying on those assurances, plaintiff Martin Fetherston in December 2000 accepted employment in the TFIG. Mellon acquired Standish in March 2001. Between 2001 and 2004, Thunelius repeatedly asked Dreyfus' officers whether there were plans to merge the TFIG with Standish, and they denied any planned merger. During these years, plaintiffs Kenneth Smalley, Darlene Haut and Michael Allen allege that they accepted jobs with the TFIG in reliance on the denials by Dreyfus' officers.
Plaintiffs concede that they were at-will employees. The employment contract each plaintiff signed with Mellon stated: "I understand that such employment will be for an indefinite period and may be terminated at any time, with or without notice." None of their contracts referenced any alleged merger plans.
The amended complaint continues that in April 2004, Dreyfus' CEO told the TFIG that any merger of the group into Standish was "off the table," and that the group would remain intact for at least another year. By early fall 2004, merger rumors resurfaced, which at the time Dreyfus' officers refused to confirm or deny. In late 2004, the two groups merged, and in February 2005 — four years after the alleged merger discussions began — Dreyfus fired every member of the TFIG.
The five sued Dreyfus in Supreme Court, asserting several causes of action, only one of which — fraudulent inducement — remains relevant. The court dismissed the entire complaint noting that at-will employees cannot reasonably rely upon their employers' promises of continued employment, and that these employees failed to allege injuries apart from their termination. The Appellate Division, four-one, modified Supreme Court's order by reinstating the fraudulent inducement claim, concluding that Dreyfus misrepresented a present material fact and that the plaintiffs alleged injuries distinct from termination; the fifth Justice would have dismissed the entire complaint. We now reverse.
"Dreyfus" refers to all of the defendants, including Dreyfus' chief executive officer, chief investment officer, Mellon Financial Corporation (Dreyfus' parent corporation) and Mellon's chairman.
New York law is clear that absent "a constitutionally impermissible purpose, a statutory proscription, or an express limitation in the individual contract of employment, an employer's right at any time to terminate an employment at will remains unimpaired" ( Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293, 305). Thus, either the employer or the employee generally may terminate the at-will employment for any reason, or for no reason. In the decades since Murphy, we have repeatedly refused to recognize exceptions to, or pathways around, these principles ( see Horn v New York Times, 100 NY2d 85; Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales, 73 NY2d 183; Sabetay v Sterling Drug, 69 NY2d 329; see also Weiner v McGraw-Hill, Inc., 57 NY2d 458).
Relying on a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit — Stewart v Jackson Nash ( 976 F2d 86 [2d Cir 1992]) — plaintiffs urge that theirs is not a breach of contract case, but rather a legally cognizable tort claim, for fraudulent inducement.
In Stewart, defendant law firm recruited an environmental law attorney (plaintiff Victoria Stewart), telling her that it had secured a large environmental law client, that she would work on that client's matters and that the firm was establishing an environmental law department, which she would head. When Stewart arrived at the firm, however, she learned that the firm was still trying to secure the client, and she performed only general litigation work. The firm later terminated her employment, and she brought suit for damages. Reversing the United States District Court, the Second Circuit denied the law firm's motion to dismiss Stewart's fraudulent inducement claim both because the firm's promises concerning the environmental law client and department were misstatements of present fact, and because the alleged injuries — thwarting her professional objective to specialize in environmental law, and damaging her career potential — occurred well before plaintiff's termination and were unrelated to it.
Without adopting or rejecting the Second Circuit's rationale, we note that Stewart is fundamentally different from the case now before us. The core of plaintiffs' claim is that they reasonably relied on no-merger promises in accepting and continuing employment with Dreyfus, and in eschewing other job opportunities. Thus, unlike Stewart, plaintiffs alleged no injury separate and distinct from termination of their at-will employment. In that the length of employment is not a material term of at-will employment, a party cannot be injured merely by the termination of the contract — neither party can be said to have reasonably relied upon the other's promise not to terminate the contract. Absent injury independent of termination, plaintiffs cannot recover damages for what is at bottom an alleged breach of contract in the guise of a tort.
We need not and do not reach the additional question whether the alleged representations regarding the no-merger "plans" were existing fact or future intent.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division, insofar as appealed from, should be reversed, with costs, defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety granted and the certified question answered in the negative.
Order, insofar as appealed from, reversed, etc.