Summary
In Slayko v Security Mut. Ins. Co. (98 NY2d 289, 292), the defendant's insured had pleaded guilty to assault in the second degree (Penal Law § 120.05), arising from an incident in which he pointed a shotgun at the plaintiff and pulled the trigger, incorrectly believing that the gun was unloaded.
Summary of this case from Gruninger v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.Opinion
88
Decided July 2, 2002.
APPEAL, by permission of the Court of Appeals, from an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Third Judicial Department, entered July 19, 2001, which affirmed an order of the Supreme Court (David Demarest, J; op 183 Misc.2d 688), entered in St. Lawrence County, granting a motion by plaintiff for summary judgment declaring that defendant insurer has a duty to defend and indemnify the individual defendant in a underlying personal injury action, and denying a cross motion by defendant insurer for summary judgment.
Slayko v. Security Mut. Ins. Co,. 285 A.D.2d 875, reversed.
John H. Hanrahan, 3d, for appellant.
Robert J. Sassone, for respondent.
New York State Trial Lawyers Association, amicus curiae.
Judges Smith, Levine, Ciparick, Wesley, Rosenblatt and Graffeo concur.
Is the criminal activity exclusion in the homeowner's general liability insurance policy before us unenforceable as a matter of public policy? Unlike the Appellate Division, we conclude that the exclusion is enforceable.
Ryan Slayko and Joseph France were drinking alcoholic beverages and smoking marijuana one night in the cabin where France dwelt, on premises owned by France's grandmother. France picked up a shotgun, pointed it at Slayko and pulled the trigger, believing the gun to be unloaded. The gun did not discharge, and Slayko exclaimed "What are you doing? Never point a gun around somebody and pull the trigger." By his own account, Slayko said this with a "smirky laugh * * * because we were fooling around." France then pumped the gun and pulled the trigger again. This time the gun discharged, injuring Slayko. France took immediate measures to stanch Slayko's bleeding and summon help.
France subsequently pled guilty to the felony of assault, second degree, admitting that he recklessly caused serious physical injury by means of a deadly weapon (see Penal Law § 120.05). At about the same time, Slayko sued France for negligence. France tendered the defense to Security Mutual Insurance Company, which had issued a homeowner's policy that covered the premises. Security Mutual promptly disclaimed coverage, denying that it had a duty to defend or indemnify France. France made no appearance in the personal injury action, and Supreme Court entered a default judgment on liability.
Slayko commenced the instant action against Security Mutual and France, seeking a declaration that the insurer had the duty to defend and indemnify France. Security Mutual denied that the policy covered France and relied on the policy's intentional act and criminal activity exclusions. The intentional act exclusion provides that the policy does not apply to liability "caused intentionally by or at the direction of any insured." The criminal activity exclusion provides that the policy does not apply to liability "arising directly or indirectly out of instances, occurrences or allegations of criminal activity by the insured."
Supreme Court granted Slayko's motion for summary judgment, and its threshold determination that France is an "insured" under the policy remains unchallenged. The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that the intentional act exclusion did not apply and the criminal activity exclusion, though applicable, was unenforceable as a matter of public policy because it "clearly defies the reasonable expectations of the insured" ( 285 A.D.2d 875, 878). We agree with the first holding but not the second. Accordingly, we reverse and grant Security Mutual's cross-motion for summary judgment.
The Intentional Act Exclusion
Security Mutual first argues that the intentional act exclusion applies because France's misconduct is so "heinous" that it must be deemed intentional as a matter of law. In thus framing the argument, the insurer concedes that there is no evidence that France actually intended to injure Slayko. The evidence shows that the two young men were friends up until the shooting; that France was surprised when the gun discharged; and that he took prompt measures to mitigate the harm he had caused.
Because France did not intend to injure Slayko, the intentional act exclusion could apply only if the injury were "inherent in the nature" of the wrongful act (see Allstate Ins. Co. v. Mugavero, 79 N.Y.2d 153, 161). Security Mutual maintains that France's act was inherently harmful because pointing any gun is dangerous and France undisputedly intended to point the gun and pull the trigger. We have long recognized, however, that insurable "accidental results" may flow from "intentional causes" (see McGroarty v. Great Amer. Ins. Co., 36 N.Y.2d 358, 364). Mugavero identifies a narrow class of cases in which the intentional act exclusion applies regardless of the insured's subjective intent. There, faced with an implausible argument that the insured did not intend the injuries he caused, we found wisdom in "the public perception that molesting a child without causing harm is a virtual impossibility" ( 79 N.Y.2d at 161). The same cannot be said here, as the gun could have been empty.
Thus, France's conduct, though reckless, was not inherently harmful for the purpose of the intentional act exclusion. The general rule remains that "more than a causal connection between the intentional act and the resultant harm is required to prove that the harm was intended" (id. at 160). Under this standard, as the Appellate Division correctly held, the exclusion does not apply.
The Criminal Activity Exclusion
Unlike the intentional act exclusion, the criminal activity exclusion, on its face, does apply, as France's liability arose directly from an act for which he stands convicted. Slayko does not dispute that France's conduct falls within the broad sweep of the exclusionary language. He argues, rather, that the language is too broad. The courts below accepted this argument, conjecturing that the exclusion, if enforced, would "reduce indemnity to a mere facade" ( 285 A.D.2d at 878).
In that homeowners face potential liability for many noncriminal acts of negligence, and the criminal activity exclusion leaves coverage for such liability intact, we cannot agree that indemnity would be so dramatically reduced. Further, New York courts have long known how to distinguish crimes from lesser statutory violations for the purpose of determining insurance coverage (see Messersmith v. The American Fid. Co., 232 N.Y. 161, 164; see also Insurance Co. of N. Amer. v. Chinoise Rest. Trading Corp., 85 A.D.2d 712, 713). A case may arise in which a broad criminal activity exclusion like Security Mutual's facially applies, yet works an injustice because the prohibited act involves little culpability or seems minor relative to the consequent forfeiture of coverage. This, however, is not such a case.
We are mindful, moreover, of the background of the broad language that Slayko seeks to nullify. The criminal activity exclusion is part of a "New York Amendatory Endorsement" to the policy form Security Mutual used, an endorsement dated November 1991. That date is five months afterAllstate Insurance Co. v. Zuk ( 78 N.Y.2d 41), which construed a different criminal activity exclusion. The policy in Zuk excluded coverage for "bodily injury * * * which may reasonably be expected to result from the intentional or criminal acts of an insured person * * *" (id. at 44 [emphasis in original]). In Zuk, the insured fatally shot a friend while cleaning a shotgun, and pled guilty to second degree manslaughter. We held that the conviction did not collaterally estop the insured from disputing that the injury was "reasonably expected" (id. at 46-47). The exclusion now under review omits reference to "reasonably expected" results in the drafter's evident attempt to find enforceable policy language that removes coverage from criminal conduct such as France's. Absent evidence of a strong public policy requiring such coverage we are reluctant — especially on the facts before us — to send the drafters of insurance policy forms back to the drawing board.
Both sides invoke public policy. For Security Mutual, the overriding policy concern is the interest law-abiding homeowners have in low premiums, an interest best served if such homeowners are not compelled to pool risk with convicted felons. Additionally, the insurer notes the settled principle that "no one shall be permitted to take advantage of his own wrong" (see Messersmith, 232 N.Y. at 165). Slayko counters that accident victims should as a matter of public policy have recourse to financially responsible defendants. The cases from which he culls this proposition relate, however, specifically to automobile accidents and insurance (see e.g. Planet Ins. Co. v. Bright Bay Classic Vehicles, Inc., 75 N.Y.2d 394, 401). Cases involving auto insurance coverage — an area in which the contractual relationship and many of its terms are prescribed by law — provide a weak basis for generalization about the constraints public policy places upon other insurance contracts.
The "public policy of this state when the legislature acts is what the legislature says that it shall be" (Messersmith, 232 N.Y. at 163). Conversely, when statutes and Insurance Department regulations are silent, we are reluctant to inhibit freedom of contract by finding insurance policy clauses violative of public policy (see Joseph R. Loring Assocs., Inc. v. Continental Cas. Co., 56 N.Y.2d 848, 850;Miller v. Continental Ins. Co., 40 N.Y.2d 675, 679). When we recently found an exclusion unenforceable because it detracted from the statutorily-mandated minimum fire insurance coverage, we explicitly limited our decision to matters involving fire insurance (see Lane v. Security Mut. Ins. Co., 96 N.Y.2d 1, 6).
There is no statutory requirement for the full panoply of coverages known as homeowner's insurance and hence "no prohibition against such insurers limiting their contractual liability" (see Suba v. State Farm Fire Cas. Co., 114 A.D.2d 280, 284). To be sure, the policy France's grandmother bought includes coverage components, such as fire insurance, that are set by statute (see Insurance Law § 3404[e]). Indeed, there are even statutory provisions applicable to the liability coverage under which Slayko specifically seeks to recover (see Insurance Law § 3420[a]). Slayko does not base his claim on any purported failure of the Security Mutual policy to comply with these express statutory requirements. The policy's apparent compliance with the statute makes us all the more reluctant to fault it for failing to meet a further, implied requirement.
Furthermore, the Insurance Law explicitly permits carriers of personal lines insurance — a term that includes the policy at issue here — to cancel policies if the insured is convicted "of a crime arising out of acts increasing the hazard insured against" (see Insurance Law § 3425[c][2][B]). This permission is set forth in a section that generally places restrictions on insurers' freedom to cancel coverage. Thus, to the extent that the Legislature has expressed a public policy about coverage for persons who perform criminal acts, that policy is to facilitate rather than hinder insurers' efforts to remove such persons and their property from the general risk pool.
In this context, the heavy reliance of Slayko and amici on Royal Indemnity Co. v. Providence Washington Insurance Co. ( 92 N.Y.2d 653) is misplaced. In Royal Indemnity we held that a clause that excluded liability coverage for trucks driven under certain circumstances was void as against public policy and that the policy must therefore "be read as if the exclusion did not exist" (id. at 656). Slayko argues that under Royal Indemnity if a policy exclusion potentially negates any coverage required by public policy, that exclusion must be stricken entirely. Assuming for the sake of argument that this is true, it still does not show that the criminal activity exclusion here negates any coverage that public policy requires. Put simply, no statute compels coverage here as Vehicle and Traffic Law section 388 did in Royal Indemnity.
The Appellate Division reasoned that the "mere fact that an act may have penal consequences does not necessarily mean that insurance coverage for civil liability arising from the same act is precluded by public policy" ( 285 A.D.2d at 878, quoting Public Serv. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Goldfarb, 53 N.Y.2d 392, 399). But while public policy does notprohibit coverage for liability arising from criminal acts, it does not follow that public policy requires such coverage. We have never made that logical leap.
Finally, we decline to follow cases from other jurisdictions holding that the broad criminal activity exclusion "defies the reasonable expectations of the insured" ( 285 A.D.2d at 878, citing Tower Ins. Co. v. Judge, 840 F. Supp. 679, 692-693 [D Minn 1993]). Some states have developed the "reasonable expectations" doctrine to mitigate the rigors of policy exclusions when such exclusions operate in surprising and unfair ways (see e.g. Atwater Creamery Co. v. Western Nat. Mut. Ins. Co., 366 N.W.2d 271 [Minn 1985]). This doctrine has its own complex jurisprudence, and we will not lightly adopt it where, as here, the effect of the exclusion is neither surprising nor unfair. In any event, most of the courts in other jurisdictions that have considered public policy challenges to exclusions worded like the one under review have found the exclusions enforceable (see e.g. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Norris, 795 F. Supp. 272, 275-276 [SD Ind 1992]; Allstate Ins. Co. v. Juniel, 931 P.2d 511, 516 [Colo Ct App. 1996]; Horace Mann Ins. Co. v. Drury, 213 Ga. App. 321, 323 [1994]; Princeton Ins. Co. v. Chunmuang, 151 N.J. 80, 98; New Mexico Phys. Mut. Liab. Co. v. LaMure, 116 N.M. 92, 98).
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment denied, defendant-appellant's cross motion for summary judgment granted and judgment granted declaring that defendant-appellant has no duty to defend and indemnify plaintiff in the underlying personal injury action.
Order reversed, with costs, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment denied, defendant-appellant's cross motion for summary judgment granted and judgment granted declaring that defendant-appellant has no duty to defend and indemnify plaintiff in the underlying personal injury action.