Summary
In Slater v. Hoffman-La Roche Inc., 771 F. Supp. 2d 524 (E.D. Pa. 2011), the court confronted facts nearly identical to the present matter in the context of a motion to remand.
Summary of this case from Robinson v. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 10-6956.
March 24, 2011.
Raymond J. Peppelman, Jr., David P. Matthews, Rosemary Pinto, Tim K. Goss, for Plaintiff.
Madeline M. Sherry, Michael X. Imbroscio, Carolyn Purwin, Ernest Frank Koschineg, Karl Barnickol, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
I. INTRODUCTION
This is a product liability action arising out of plaintiff Daniel B. Slater's use of Accutane, an acne treatment drug which, according to plaintiff, led to his development of colitis and ulcerative colitis. Plaintiff avers that defendants Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. and Roche Laboratories, Inc. (collectively, "Roche") failed to adequately investigate and warn patients about the risks and side effects of Accutane, and that defendant Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. ("WKH") failed to supply adequate, complete, or accurate information and warnings in its patient education monographs for Accutane.
Presently before the Court is Plaintiff's Motion to Remand. Plaintiff argues that Roche could not remove this action from the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas because WKH is a citizen of Pennsylvania and Roche has not proven that WKH was fraudulently joined. For the reasons set forth below, plaintiff's motion is granted, and the Court remands the case to the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.
II. BACKGROUND
The facts are taken from the Complaint.
Beginning in the fall of 2002, plaintiff was prescribed and began using Accutane for acne treatment. (Compl. ¶ 31.) Plaintiff filled his Accutane prescriptions at Walgreens pharmacy, which provided him with WKH-prepared patient education monographs ("monographs") containing Accutane drug information and warnings. (Id. ¶¶ 25, 32.) After using Accutane for the period of time prescribed by his physician, plaintiff "experienced several adverse health effects culminating in a diagnosis of colitis and ulcerative colitis." (Id. ¶¶ 33-34.)
According to plaintiff, Accutane has a propensity to cause inflammatory bowel disease ("IBD"), a permanent condition that manifests itself as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. (Id. ¶ 13.) Plaintiff avers that Roche — the manufacturers of Accutane — failed to investigate and warn of Accutane's propensity to cause IBD despite being aware that the development of IBD is a potential side effect of Accutane. (Id. ¶¶ 19-22.) In addition, plaintiff alleges that WKH, a company that creates and publishes patient education monographs that are provided directly to consumers by their pharmacists, failed to provide, in the monographs that accompanied plaintiff's Accutane prescriptions, adequate, complete, or accurate information and warnings regarding the risks of taking Accutane and side effects relating to IBD. (Id. ¶¶ 23-30.)
Following his discovery of the "defective nature of Accutane and/or the associated injuries from Accutane's use," (id. ¶ 35), plaintiff filed a complaint in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on November 3, 2010. Roche then removed plaintiff's case to this Court on November 29, 2010, alleging that WKH was fraudulently joined.
In 2004, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ("JPML") created a multi-district litigation ("MDL") in the Middle District of Florida for product liability actions involving Accutane. See In re Accutane Prods. Liab. Litig., 343 F. Supp. 2d 1382 (J.P.M.L. 2004). After Roche removed plaintiff's action to this Court, the JPML issued a Conditional Transfer Order (CTO) on December 6, 2010, ordering transfer of the case to the Middle District of Florida. (MDL No. 1626, Document No. 135.) Plaintiff filed an opposition to the CTO on December 13, 2010, thus staying transfer pending resolution of plaintiff's objection to the CTO. (Id., Document No. 137.) Roche filed a response to plaintiff's opposition to the CTO on February 3, 2011. (Id., Document No. 159.) As of the date of this Memorandum, the JPML has not yet ruled on plaintiff's opposition to the CTO.
III. JURISDICTION
The Court's jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 is not at issue in this case. The parties are completely diverse. Plaintiff is a citizen of Wisconsin; Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. is a New Jersey corporation with its principal place of business in New Jersey; Roche Laboratories, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in New Jersey; and WKH is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Pennsylvania. (Compl. ¶ 2.)
IV. FRAUDULENT JOINDER
Unless WKH was fraudulently joined, the claims against it must be remanded to state court, as WKH is a citizen of Pennsylvania, (Compl. ¶ 2), and removal to federal court is permissible "only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which [the] action is brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). Plaintiff asserts that Roche has not met their burden of proving fraudulent joinder. The Court concludes that WKH was not fraudulently joined.
A. Legal Standard
In the absence of a federal question, removal to federal court usually requires complete diversity of citizenship of the parties and also that "none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b). The doctrine of fraudulent joinder represents an exception to these requirements. See In re Briscoe, 448 F.3d 201, 215-16 (3d Cir. 2006). Under the doctrine of fraudulent joinder, a defendant may still remove the action if it can establish that any in-state resident or non-diverse defendant was "fraudulently" named or joined solely to prevent removal or to defeat federal court jurisdiction. Id.; see Wilson v. Republic Iron Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 97 (1921) ("[T]h[e] right of removal cannot be defeated by a fraudulent joinder of a resident defendant."). If a court determines that the joinder was "fraudulent" in this sense, then it can dismiss the forum or non-diverse defendant and retain jurisdiction over the action. In re Briscoe, 448 F.3d at 216. By contrast, if the Court determines that the joinder was not fraudulent, it must remand to state court. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). In making this inquiry a court is not limited to the pleadings but can look beyond them to identify any indicia of fraudulent joinder. In re Briscoe, 448 F.3d at 219.
The removing party bears the burden of demonstrating fraudulent joinder. "The removing party carries a heavy burden of persuasion . . . for removal statutes are to be strictly construed against removal and all doubts should be resolved in favor of remand." Batoff v. State Farm Ins. Co., 977 F.2d 848, 851 (3d Cir. 1992) (internal citations omitted). The Third Circuit has defined the standard for fraudulent joinder as follows:
Joinder is fraudulent where there is no reasonable basis in fact or colorable ground supporting the claim against the joined defendant, or no real intention in good faith to prosecute the action against the defendants or seek a joint judgment. But, if there is even a possibility that a state court would find that the complaint states a cause of action against any one of the resident defendants, the federal court must find that joinder was proper and remand the case to state court.In re Briscoe, 448 F.3d at 217 (quoting Batoff, 977 F.2d at 851-52) (emphasis added). The joinder of a party should be deemed fraudulent only if the claims are "wholly insubstantial and frivolous." Id. The Third Circuit has emphasized that proper joinder for jurisdictional purposes is a lower bar than would be required for a claim to survive a motion to dismiss, Batoff, 977 F.2d at 852, or a motion for summary judgment, Boyer v. Snap-On Tools Corp., 913 F.2d 108, 111 (3d Cir. 1990).
B. Analysis
Roche maintains that WKH was fraudulently joined to frustrate removal, and that plaintiff has no cognizable claim against WKH. According to Roche, WKH is shielded from liability by Pennsyvlania's learned intermediary doctrine, which holds that non-physicians such as pharmacists and drug manufacturers do not have an independent duty to warn about the dangers and side-effects of prescription drugs. See Coyle v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 526 Pa. 208, 213-15 (1991); Makripodis v. Merrell-Dow Pharm., Inc., 523 A.2d 374, 378-79 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1987). Plaintiff, however, does not argue that WKH had an independent duty to warn. Rather, plaintiff's principal argument is that WKH voluntarily assumed a duty to exercise due care in issuing drug warnings by providing written drug information and warnings directed to patient end-users. Roche counters that plaintiff has failed to cite any Pennsylvania case law imposing such a duty on pharmacies or monograph publishers such as WKH.
Plaintiff further argues that WKH voluntarily assumed a duty of due care by: (1) advertising that it provides "accurate," "up-to-date," and "unbiased" drug information; and (2) advertising that it complies with the Keystone Guidelines — a set of industry guidelines on the issuance of drug warnings. Moreover, plaintiff asserts that WKH owed a duty to him based on plaintiff's status as a third-party beneficiary of the contract between WKH and plaintiff's pharmacy. In response, Roche contends that: (1) the Keystone Guidelines do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities, and WKH never asserted it was compliant with those guidelines; and (2) Pennsylvania courts have imposed tort liability for harm suffered by third-party beneficiaries of contracts only in "very unique situations."
Roche has not satisfied its burden of proving fraudulent joinder. A finding of fraudulent joinder is usually reserved for situations where recovery from the forum or non-diverse defendant is a clear legal impossibility. West v. Marriott Hotel Servs., Inc., No. 10-4130, 2010 WL 4343540, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 2, 2010). Fraudulent joinder should not be found simply because plaintiff has a weak case against a forum or non-diverse defendant. See Boyer, 913 F.2d at 111. Roche has not pointed to any Pennsylvania case law declining to impose a duty of due care on monograph publishers or pharmacists when they voluntarily provide drug warnings to patients. At least one state court has held that although pharmacies have no general duty to warn, where a pharmacy provides a "detailed list of warnings, or . . . promises to provide customers with information, it may thereby undertake a duty to provide complete warnings and information."Cottam v. CVS Pharmacy, 764 N.E.2d 814, 823 (Mass. 2002). Under this authority, a Pennsylvania state court could find WKH assumed a duty to plaintiff based on its voluntary provision of monographs containing information and warnings about Accutane. Given Roche's failure to demonstrate that plaintiff's theory of liability is "wholly insubstantial and frivolous," the Court concludes that joinder of WKH as a defendant was not fraudulent.
V. WHETHER TO SEVER AND REMAND ONLY THE CLAIMS AGAINST WKH
Based on the ruling of the Court that WKH was not fraudulently joined, removal was improper under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) because WKH is a Pennsylvania citizen. This ruling leaves open the question whether to remand the entire case or to sever the claims against the local defendant, WKH, and remand only those claims.
Roche and WKH urge the Court to sever and remand only the claims against WKH. Plaintiff opposes defendants' request for severance on the ground that if WKH was not fraudulently joined, the Court is without jurisdiction to sever. Plaintiff further contends that even assuming the Court has jurisdiction and discretion to rule on defendants' severance request, it should decline to exercise that discretion.
For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes it has jurisdiction and discretion to sever WKH, but declines to exercise that discretion. Instead, the Court remands the entire case to the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.
A. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 empowers the Court to sever a party or claims against a party. The Rule provides:
Misjoinder of parties is not a ground for dismissing an action. On motion or on its own, the court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party. The court may also sever any claim against a party.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 21. Although the Rule states that it applies to cases of misjoinder, "application of Rule 21 has not been [so] limited. . . . For example, Rule 21 has been invoked to preserve the court's diversity jurisdiction by dropping nondiverse parties when their presence in the action was not required." 7 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller Marry Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1682 (3d ed. 2001); see Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 832 (1989) ("Rule 21 invests district courts with authority to allow a dispensable nondiverse party to be dropped at any time."); accord Zambelli Fireworks Mfg. Co., Inc., 592 F.3d 412, 421-22 (3d Cir. 2010). "A district court has broad discretion in deciding whether to sever a party pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21." Boyer v. Johnson Matthey, Inc., No. 02-8382, 2004 WL 835082, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 16, 2004).
B. Analysis
1. The Court Has Jurisdiction to Sever WKH
Plaintiff argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction to consider defendants' severance request. This argument fails. Although the determination that WKH was not fraudulently joined renders Roche's removal of the action improper, see 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) (prohibiting removal where any defendant is a resident of the state in which the action is filed), an improper removal does not strip a court of subject-matter jurisdiction, and does not affect a court's power to sever a party under Rule 21.
First, the Supreme Court and Third Circuit have both held that where subject-matter jurisdiction is lacking due to the absence of a federal question and the presence of non-diverse parties, a federal court may, under Rule 21, sever the non-diverse, dispensable parties to retain diversity jurisdiction over the case. See Newman-Green, 490 U.S. at 832-38 (holding that appellate court could dismiss dispensable non-diverse party to retain jurisdiction); Meritcare Inc. v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 166 F.3d 214, 222-23 (3d Cir. 1999) (severing and remanding to state court, claims against defendant over whom court concluded it did not have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332),overruled on other grounds by Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546 (2005).
Second, contrary to plaintiff's assertion that the Court lacks jurisdiction because Roche removed this action in violation of the terms of 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b), "removal by a forum defendant in noncompliance with section 1441(b) does not deprive a federal court of subject matter jurisdiction." Korea Exchange Bank, N.Y. Branch v. Trackwise Sales Corp., 66 F.3d 46, 50-51 (3d Cir. 1995). "[T]he removal statute [does not] impos[e] independent jurisdictional restrictions on the federal courts. Rather, in considering whether jurisdictional defects existed, the relevant inquiry is whether the case could have been filed originally in federal court." Id. at 50.
Had plaintiff originally filed this action in federal court, the Court would have had jurisdiction on the basis of diversity.See 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The fact that Roche removed the case to federal court in contravention of the terms of 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) does not affect the Court's subject-matter jurisdiction. Severance in this case, where the Court has diversity jurisdiction, is far less extraordinary than in those cases in which the Supreme Court and Third Circuit have ruled that courts can create subject-matter jurisdiction by severing non-diverse parties. See Newman-Green, 490 U.S. at 832 (1989);Zambelli Fireworks, 592 F.3d at 421-22; Meritcare, 166 F.3d at 222-23. Thus, the Court concludes that it has jurisdiction to sever WKH pursuant to Rule 21.
2. The Court Declines to Exercise its Discretion to Sever WKH
Roche urges the Court to sever WKH and remand plaintiff's claims against WKH to state court, noting the efficiencies to be gained from potential transfer of the claims against Roche to the MDL in the Middle District of Florida. WKH joins in Roche's request for severance, arguing that severance is warranted because the claims against WKH and Roche are so different that
discovery for the claims against each likewise will be very different. Plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that the Court does not have discretion to sever WKH because it is an indispensable party. Plaintiff further contends that even assuming the Court has discretion to sever WKH and remand plaintiff's claims against WKH to state court, it should decline to exercise that discretion because, inter alia, severance would force plaintiff to litigate in two fora, and the claims against WKH and Roche are grounded in the same facts and therefore will require the same evidence.
The Court declines to exercise its discretion to sever WKH and remand only plaintiff's claims against WKH to state court. Although severance and remand of the claims against WKH would benefit Roche because plaintiff's claims against Roche would remain in federal court and would be transferred to the MDL, and although the discovery relevant to the claims against WKH and Roche is not completely identical, the Court concludes that the potential prejudice to defendants if WKH is not severed is outweighed by the prejudice plaintiff will suffer if there is a severance. First, the Court is mindful of the deference to be afforded plaintiff's choice of forum. See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. Chimet, S.p.A., 619 F.3d 288, 294 (3d Cir. 2010) ("[A] plaintiff's choice of forum should rarely be disturbed.") (quoting Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 241 (1981)). Second, severance will prejudice plaintiff, who will be required to litigate in two different fora. Third, and most importantly, given the Court's determination that WKH, the Pennsylvania defendant, was not fraudulently joined, Roche's removal of the case was improper. Thus, severing and remanding only the claims against WKH would undermine 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)'s prohibition on removal of cases involving forum defendants.
Given the decision not to sever, the Court need not address at great length plaintiff's argument that WKH is an indispensable party. The Court concludes, however, that WKH is not an indispensable party under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19.
"A holding that [a party is "necessary"] under Rule 19(a) is a necessary predicate to the district court's discretionary determination under Rule 19(b)" that a party is "indispensable."Culinary Serv. of Delaware Valley, Inc. v. Borough of Yardley, 385 F. App'x 135, 145 (3d Cir. 2010). Under Rule 19(a)(1), a party is "necessary" if, in its absence, "the court could not accord complete relief among the existing parties." Disabled In Action of Pa. v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., ___ F.3d ___, 2011 WL 522947, at *8 (3d Cir. 2011).
Plaintiff's argument that WKH is an indispensable party appears to be based on the potential inability of the Court to accord "complete relief," under Rule 19(a)(1), to plaintiff if WKH is not a party to the federal court action against Roche. Presumably, a jury in federal court may find that WKH's inadequate warnings, rather than any act or omission of Roche, caused plaintiff's injuries, while a jury in state court may find that Roche's failure to supply complete information to WKH, rather than any act or omission of WKH, caused plaintiff's injuries. This is not the concern Rule 19(a)(1) is intended to address. "[T]he Third Circuit has interpreted Rule 19(a)(1) narrowly[:] . . . `complete relief' means complete relief for those parties who are already present," not relief as between a party and the absent party. Barrett v. Ambient Pressure Diving, Ltd., 235 F.R.D. 263, 271 n. 35 (E.D. Pa. 2006) (citing Field v. Volkswagenwerk AG, 626 F.2d 293, 301 (3d Cir. 1980)). Thus, the possibility that plaintiff may not be able to recover from WKH in a state court action is irrelevant to whether WKH is a Rule 19 necessary or indispensable party in a federal court action against Roche.
VI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff's motion to remand is granted, and the case is remanded to the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.
An appropriate order follows.