Summary
In Skinner v. State, 198 Miss. 505, 23 So.2d 501 (1945), we held that the admission of the defendant's confession of more than one act of incest, under an indictment charging a single offense, was error, even though the other crimes were of the same or similar nature.
Summary of this case from Speagle v. StateOpinion
No. 35944.
October 8, 1945.
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.
The Sixth Amendment is not a limitation on the power of the states and is confined to federal activities (U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. 6).
2. CRIMINAL LAW.
A defendant, charged with crime, has right orally to suggest to court that he may be insane but the suggestion or motion should be accompanied by affidavits or offer of witnesses to prove insanity or inability to plead or conduct rational defense.
3. CRIMINAL LAW.
The court was not required to suspend trial and inquire into sanity of defendant in absence of affidavits or offer of witnesses to prove insanity or inability to plead or conduct rational defense.
4. CRIMINAL LAW.
Where indictment charged only a single incestuous offense, admission of defendant's confession of more than one crime was error even though the crimes were of the same or similar nature (Code 1942, sec. 2000).
5. CRIMINAL LAW. Indictment and information.
Where there are several offenses for either one of which accused may be convicted under indictment, prosecution should elect the offense which it will pursue and testimony should be confined to that offense unless the case is within some exception which renders proof of other distinct offenses admissible.
6. INDICTMENT AND INFORMATION.
A defendant may not be tried and convicted on more than one charge at the same time.
7. CRIMINAL LAW.
Where indictment charged single incestuous offense, error in admitting evidence of an attempt and three consummations of incest was not cured by an instruction which in effect authorized jury to pick out which one of the several independent crimes they considered best proven by the evidence (Code 1942, sec. 2000).
8. CRIMINAL LAW.
Where evidence of an attempt and three acts of incest was admitted in evidence under indictment charging single incestuous offense, the rule that no judgment shall be reversed for harmless error was inapplicable. (Rules of the Supreme Court, rule 11; Code 1942, sec. 2000.)
APPEAL from the circuit court of Lauderdale county, HON. JESSE H. GRAHAM, Judge.
Cecil A. Rogers, of Meridian, for appellant.
The court erred in forcing the defendant, who was insane, to be placed on trial in view of the fact that his insanity was made known to the trial court prior to arraignment and a request was made that a lunacy commission be appointed as is provided by statute to determine whether or not the defendant was a fit subject for trial.
Youtsey v. United States, 97 F. 937; 6th Amendment to the United States Constitution; 2 Bishop Criminal Procedure, Sec. 666.
When a prisoner is to be brought before any conservator of the peace, charged with the commission of an offense, and in the course of investigation it shall appear that the prisoner was insane when the offense was committed and still is insane, he shall not be discharged but the conservator of the peace shall remand the prisoner to custody and forthwith report the case to the chancellor or clerk of the chancery court whose duty it shall be to proceed with the case according to law relating to persons of unsound mind.
Hawie v. State, 125 Miss. 589, 88 So. 167; Code of 1942, Secs. 2573, 6909; 14 Am. Jur. 801.
The only evidence against this defendant was from his daughter and an alleged confession that was not properly qualified and contained not one confession but two, and was not admissible.
Gunter v. State, 180 Miss. 769, 178 So. 472; Lee v. State, 137 Miss. 329, 102 So. 296; Ellis v. State, 65 Miss. 44, 3 So. 188.
The court erred in allowing evidence of more than one act of incest to go to the jury. There is no authority under any statute called to our attention or which we have been able to find authorizing the state to introduce more than one offense to go to the jury, with evidence of more than one offense insofar as the crime of incest is concerned, and it is doubtful whether a statute could authorize the submitting to the jury of more than one offense in the same trial. In other words, we think that the court should have required the state to elect on which offense the state would try the appellant.
Love v. State, 142 Miss. 602, 107 So. 667.
Where there are several offenses, for either of which the accused may be convicted under the indictment, the prosecution should elect the offense which it will pursue, and the testimony should be confined to that offense, unless the case falls within some of the exceptions which render the proof of other distinct offenses admissible.
King v. State, 66 Miss. 502, 6 So. 188.
Greek L. Rice, Attorney General, by R.O. Arrington, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
The sixth amendment to the Federal Constitution respecting rights of persons accused of crime has no application to state action, is not a limitation on powers of states, and is confined alone to federal action (Constitution United States, Amend. 6).
Caldwell v. State, 176 Miss. 80, 167 So. 779.
Where one is indicted by the grand jury, a part of the circuit court, the jurisdiction of his person was lodged in the circuit court sitting as such and not in the judge thereof sitting as a conservator of the peace and such party is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the circuit court.
Davis v. State, 151 Miss. 883, 119 So. 805; Hawie v. Hawie, 128 Miss. 473, 91 So. 131.
The court committed no error in submitting the issue of the appellant's guilt along with the issue of his insanity, where a jury correctly found that defendant was not insane.
Davis v. State, supra.
A mere motion was insufficient to require the court to conduct preliminary examination of the question of defendant's insanity. The defendant should have presented affidavits or offered witnesses to prove insanity or inability to conduct rational defense.
Keeton v. State, 175 Miss. 631, 167 So. 68; Davis v. State, supra.
The most serious assignment of error argued is that the court erred in permitting the introduction into evidence of more than one offense and that the court erred in not sustaining appellant's motion to require the state to elect upon which offense it would proceed. It is a general rule that one must be tried for the crime or offense with which he stands charged in the indictment and that evidence of separate offenses or other offenses are inadmissible.
Love v. State, 142 Miss. 602, 107 So. 667; King v. State, 66 Miss. 502, 6 So. 188.
See State of Ohio v. Reineke, 106 N.E. 52, L.R.A. 1915A, 138; 27 Am. Jur. 296, Sec. 15; 1 Wharton's Criminal Evidence (11 Ed.), p. 537, Sec. 356; Underhill on Criminal Evidence (2 Ed.), p. 676, Sec. 396.
Counsel contends that the confession was not properly qualified and was inadmissible. There was no objection to this confession and the record shows that a preliminary inquiry was made in the absence of the jury as to its competency and admissibility, and the court found that it was free and voluntary on the part of the appellant. The court fully complied with the rule of this Court with reference to the admission of the confession.
Lee v. State, 137 Miss. 329, 102 So. 296; Ellis v. State, 65 Miss. 44, 3 So. 188.
It is the general rule that a confession containing admission of guilt of a separate offense, and independent of the one inquired into, is not admissible, the rule announced being in conformity with the general rule that the state is confined to proof alone of the crime charged in the indictment. But where proof of other offenses was admitted without objection, the action of the trial court in that regard would not be reviewed here.
Gunter v. State, 180 Miss. 769, 178 So. 472; Stegall v. State (Miss.), 144 So. 897.
An error in the admissibility of evidence can be predicated only on objection thereto, specifically pointing out the infirmity therein.
Jackson v. State, 163 Miss. 235, 140 So. 683.
No judgment shall be reversed on the ground of a misdirection to the jury, or the improper admission or exclusion of evidence, or for error as to the matter of pleading or procedure, unless it shall affirmatively appear, from the whole record, that such judgment has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.
Rule 11 of the Supreme Court.
Argued orally by Cecil A. Rogers, for appellant, and by R.O. Arrington, for appellee.
Appellant was convicted in the Lauderdale County Circuit Court of incestuous relations with his fifteen year old daughter, and sentenced to a term of ten years in the penitentiary, from which he appeals. It is not necessary to go into the disgusting and revolting details of the facts revealed in the evidence or to expatiate upon the depravity of a miscreant who would despoil his own little daughter; but it is necessary that we preserve changeless the principles of the law governing the issues in this case, as established in our jurisprudence. Over objections of appellant proof was offered of an attempt to commit incest and of three consummated acts. The appellant did not testify but his written confession of an attempt and three consummations was admitted in evidence over objection. A motion, in connection with the objections, for a mistrial was overruled by the court. The indictment was brought under Section 2000, Code of 1942.
On arraignment, counsel for appellant orally suggested to the court that because of his mental condition appellant was incapable of making a plea and moved the court to appoint a lunacy commission to determine the question. On the overruling of this motion, defendant, by his counsel, moved the court to allow the defendant to be tried solely on the issue of sanity without submitting the issue of guilt to the jury until the issue of sanity could be determined. This motion was also overruled.
Appellant cited Amendment Six of the Constitution of the United States, and the case of Youtsey v. United States, 6 Cir., 97 F. 937. This Court in Caldwell v. State, 176 Miss. 80, 167 So. 779, decided that the Sixth Amendment to the Federal Constitution respecting the rights of persons accused of crime has no application to state activities, it is not a limitation on the power of the states and is confined alone to Federal activities.
The authorities, including a decision of this state, Hawie v. State, 125 Miss. 589, 88 So. 167, decided in March, 1921, support the right of a defendant charged with crime orally to suggest to the court that he may be insane and that motion may be orally made. However, the latest decision of this Court on this subject, Davis v. State, 151 Miss. 883, 119 So. 805, is to the effect that this motion or suggestion must be accompanied by affidavits or the offer of witnesses to prove insanity or inability to plead or conduct rational defense. In this case that was not done, so that the court was not required to suspend the trial and inquire into the sanity of appellant in the absence of affidavits or the offer of witnesses. The issue of insanity at the time of the commission of the crime was submitted to the jury by evidence on both sides, and instructions to the jury as to the law.
In Hawie v. Hawie, 128 Miss. 473, 91 So. 131, this Court held that where a party under indictment was held in jail by an order of the circuit court, he was within the exclusive jurisdiction of that court, and the chancery court had no jurisdiction to inquire into his insanity under a writ de inquirendo lunatico. We take it that the lunacy commission to which appellant referred in his motion intended this proceeding. The court was correct in the ruling as to all of these matters supra in our judgment.
This brings us to the matter of a confession which was made freely and voluntarily, according to the evidence, but as to which objection was made that it contained admissions of separate offenses and was therefore inadmissible. Gunter v. State, 180 Miss. 769, 178 So. 472. In that case, the Court said: "It is the general rule that a confession containing admission of guilt of a separate offense, and independent of the one inquired into, is not admissible, Baygents v. State, 144 Miss. 442, 110 So. 114; McLin v. State, 150 Miss. 159, 116 So. 533." In our judgment, the trial court was in error in admitting appellant's confession of more than one crime against him, under an indictment charging only a single offense, even though they were of the same or similar nature. Floyd v. State, 166 Miss. 15, 148 So. 226.
Evidence was offered by the state of an attempt and three consummations of incest over the objection of appellant and in violation of the established holding of this Court. Love v. State, 142 Miss. 602, 107 So. 667; Kehoe v. State, 194 Miss. 339, 12 So.2d 149. In King v. State, 66 Miss. 502, 6 So. 188, 189, the Court held that after the state had proved distinctly one crime, it was error to admit testimony of other and independent crimes of the same nature. "The general rule is that the issue on a criminal trial shall be single, and that the testimony must be confined to the issue. . . . When there are several offenses, for either one of which the accused may be convicted under the indictment, the prosecution should elect the offense which it will pursue, and the testimony should be confined to that offense, unless the case is within some of the exceptions which render the proof of other distinct offenses admissible. . . . If there is evidence of two separate offenses, and the jury may convict of either, six of the jury may believe that the accused is guilty of the first, and not of the second, while the other six may believe that he is guilty of the second offense, and not of the first. The result would be that all the jury would agree that he was guilty, without agreeing on the offense of which he was guilty." This case does not come within any of the exceptions to the rule. Collier v. State, 106 Miss. 613, 64 So. 373; Keel v. State, 133 Miss. 160, 97 So. 521; Clark v. State, 181 Miss. 455, 180 So. 602.
Motion was made at the conclusion of the evidence by the state to require the district attorney to elect on which charge he would ask a conviction of guilt, and this motion was overruled. It is argued by the attorney general that evidence of other and independent offenses was rendered harmless by virtue of this instruction granted the state: "The court instructs the jury for the state. That if you believe from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Henry C. Skinner, had carnal knowledge of his daughter, Pauline Skinner, on either of the occasions as testified about, it will be your sworn duty to find the defendant guilty. Provided, however, that all twelve members of the jury agree that he is guilty of any one single act of intercourse, and further, that the jury believes beyond every reasonable doubt that the defendant knew the difference between right and wrong of his acts at the time of the commission of such act, if any." This instruction, in effect, authorizes the jury to pick out which one of the several independent crimes they considered best proven by the evidence, and would thus require the weighing of appellant's guilt as to each of them, with cumulative effect upon a final verdict. The verdict of the jury was: "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty as charged." All of the offenses occurred in 1944, and the indictment reads that the crime charged occurred on the ____ day of ____, 1944 (we are not to be understood as holding that this form of stating the time in the indictment was not permissible), and one of the crimes introduced into evidence was an attempt and three were consummations. A man may not be tried and convicted on more than one charge of crime at the same time. This is a simple statement which needs no elaborate argument to sustain its soundness and justice. Here, furthermore, we have a general verdict brought on an indictment of a single count, which verdict was based on evidence of at least four independent offenses, and there is no way to determine which one of the three consummated was selected by the jury as the basis of their verdict of guilt. Appellant was not accused of an attempt to commit incest, although evidence of it was permitted to go to the jury, but he was indicted for one and tried for three acts of incest. We do not think this instruction cures the error committed. It may be that establishment of jeopardy intervenes here as a valuable right of defendant, in addition to what has been said supra, and is said post. In a subsequent indictment for this same offense during the same period, appellant apparently would be helpless to establish sufficiently a plea of former jeopardy because unable to show by the record in this case the particular charge, of several, of which he was tried and convicted.
But even if former jeopardy be unimportant or not pertinent here, yet, it may arise as a factor. It was mentioned by Judge Arnold in King v. State, supra: "The suggestion that appellant's conviction of either of the sales given in evidence in this case would operate as a bar against his being subsequently prosecuted for the others does not meet the objection made by him. He is not now looking out for barriers against other prosecutions, but is complaining of injustice being done in his present conviction. He claims that he ought not to have been convicted at all, and, if his conviction has been reached by improper methods, it is no answer to say to him that, if his conviction is allowed to stand, he cannot be convicted of the other sales." The judgment of the trial court was reversed for admitting evidence of more than one sale. We do not presently decide the effect on subsequent pleas of former jeopardy, of the situation under discussion, but consider reference to the possibility of such issue pertinent to the discussion here. The fact that statute since has somewhat changed the rule as to sales of intoxicating liquors does not affect the principles concerned. To the same effect is the case of Floyd v. State, supra, in which this Court held that, in a prosecution for assault and battery on his wife by the defendant, the admitting of evidence of four prior assaults on her was prejudicial error.
The Attorney General in his brief concedes the seriousness of the admission of evidence of several offenses before the jury in the trial of this case, but relies upon Supreme Court Rule 11, 161 Miss. 903. We do not think that rule can be successfully invoked here to save a reversal of this case because the situation here does not come within that class of decisions holding that an error must not only have been committed but the error must have been prejudicial to the defendant. Cody et al. v. State, 167 Miss. 150, 148 So. 627; Thomas v. State, 117 Miss. 532, 78 So. 147, Ann. Cas. 1918E, 371. We take this view because in Love v. State, supra, which was an incest case, this Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Ethridge, held that the introduction of evidence for more than one offense under an indictment containing one count not only was error but was reversible, in other words prejudicial error, although in that case as in this case evidence of the guilt of the appellant was sufficient to establish it; and in the Floyd case it was held prejudicial error. So that in the face of positive adjudication by this Court that such a course in a criminal trial is prejudicial, Rule 11 and authorities to the effect that mere error without prejudice will not cause a reversal, where it was manifest that the appellant was guilty, have no application here.
Also the Court in Love v. State, supra, holds that the district attorney should have been required to elect, and appellant in this case made a motion to that effect but it was overruled, which we think was error.
In view of the stated errors of the court in the trial of this cause above enumerated, the judgment of the trial court must be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.