Opinion
47018.
ARGUED MARCH 7, 1972.
DECIDED JUNE 19, 1972. REHEARING DENIED JULY 19, 1972.
Action for damages. Cobb Superior Court. Before Judge Hames.
Long, Weinberg, Ansley Wheeler, Palmer H. Ansley, J. Kenneth Moorman, for appellant.
Cochran, Camp Snipes, Donald O. Nelson, for appellee.
The writing of a letter by a creditor to an employer whose employee had stopped making payments on an account asking for assistance in getting payment or information as to why payment was not forthcoming does not constitute libel, nor does it give rise to an action for an invasion of privacy or for disturbing the peace of mind, happiness and well-being of the employee. Nor does it become the basis of such an action because the account was incurred by the employee's husband when it appears that the employee had previously been sending checks drawn on her bank account in payment of it.
ARGUED MARCH 7, 1972 — DECIDED JUNE 19, 1972 — REHEARING DENIED JULY 19, 1972 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
Mrs. Betty Conway brought suit against Signal Oil Gas Company in three counts seeking damages because of a letter that Signal Oil had written to her employer, E. I. Dupont deNemours Company.
Mrs. Conway's husband had obtained a credit card from Signal Oil Gas Company and had used it in making purchases of gasoline. He was regularly employed as a truck driver and dispatcher. He had other credit cards with American Oil Company, Humble Oil, and with Sinclair. Mrs. Conway had charge cards with Master Charge and with the Citizens Southern Bank. The family finances were handled by Mrs. Conway, who ran the only bank checking account and used it for the payment of bills, including the account of Signal Oil Gas until December, 1970, when she informed her husband (but not Signal Oil Gas) that she would not make further payments on that account, and thereafter the account became delinquent in the sum of $210.22.
Mrs. Conway was employed by Dupont as a clerk, typist, teletype operator, and the like. She had worked there for some 14 years and was earning $608 per month. The office in which she had been working was to be transferred to Charlotte, N.C., and all employees were notified of the impending move and afforded opportunity to transfer with the office. Mrs. Conway did not wish to move to Charlotte, and the company transferred her from the job she was then on to the billing department, which would remain in Atlanta, but the salary on the new job was $550 per month, and within two months was raised to $590 per month. This occurred in April, 1971.
On March 11, 1971, Signal Oil Gas directed a letter to the personnel director at Dupont relative to Mrs. Conway, Account No. 097 23 263, balance $210.22, seeking assistance in getting the account paid. The letter read:
"We understand that the above subject is employed by you. If we are correct we would appreciate your assistance.
"Our customer has incurred charges totaling the above amount through the use of our gasoline credit card. Although numerous letters and statements have been sent to subject they have not resulted in payment of the account. The above charges date back to the December billing.
"We realize that you cannot intercede as a collection agency for us. However, we feel that you will be as anxious as we are to help this individual avoid any costly collection action. Therefore, we would appreciate your interviewing our customer to determine why payment has not been received.
"Any information or help you can give us will be greatly appreciated. A business reply envelope is enclosed."
Dupont's personnel director discussed the letter with her, and she informed him that the account with Signal Oil Gas was not hers, but that of her husband, that the credit card was in the name of her husband, and that she owed Signal Oil Gas nothing. She also discussed it with the manager and obtained a copy of the letter through him. Two other people at Dupont told her that they knew about the letter.
Plaintiff asserted that she had never made purchases from Signal Oil Gas on the credit card, and that the letter which it had directed to her employer had greatly upset her, made her nervous and subject to headaches.
In her first count plaintiff seeks recovery for wounded feelings and the disturbance of her peace and happiness, alleging that the letter had defamed her character and reputation and had subjected her to public hatred, contempt and ridicule.
In her second count she seeks recovery for the wrongful interference with her employment, alleging that the letter would be a permanent record in her personnel file, and that it was an unwarranted invasion and intrusion into the realm of her employment.
In the third count she seeks recovery for libel, alleging that the letter amounted to an accusation that she had obtained gasoline on credit and had not paid therefor, that the accusation was false, and was transmitted to other parties.
Defendant moved for summary judgment as to all counts, supporting the motion with the deposition of the plaintiff and the pleadings. From a denial of the motion defendant appeals.
1. Plaintiff does not designate the letter as libel in the first count, but she does assert that by it defendant has defamed her character and reputation and has subjected her to public ridicule, hatred and contempt. This language comes from Code § 105-701, defining libel, and thus we must examine the letter and the circumstances to determine whether it is libelous.
We conclude that it is not. Certainly there is nothing in the letter that makes it libel per se. It does not charge that the plaintiff has committed a crime ( Estes v. Sterchi Bros. Stores, 50 Ga. App. 619 (1) ( 179 S.E. 222)), that she has committed any debasing act which may exclude her from society ( Tench v. Ivie, 121 Ga. App. 114 ( 173 S.E.2d 237)), or make any derogatory and defamatory statement against her in reference to her trade or profession. Van Epps v. Jones, 50 Ga. 238, 241.
The question, then, is whether the letter may be libelous per quod, that is to say, whether the extrinsic facts developed by the pleadings and the deposition are such that it can be held as a matter of law that plaintiff's reputation and character were or were not damaged thereby. "To maintain an action for libel, the matter published must either be libelous per se, or it must be so stated that it may reasonably be construed, by innuendo at least, to be libelous." McCravy v. Schneer's, 47 Ga. App. 703 ( 171 S.E. 391).
A creditor has the right to ask his debtor to pay what he owes, without being subject to an action for libel. McCravy v. Schneer's, 47 Ga. App. 703, 704, supra. He may direct a letter to the debtor's employer, seeking assistance in getting the debtor to pay without being subjected to an action for libel. Haggard v. Shaw, 100 Ga. App. 813 ( 112 S.E.2d 286). Cf. Gouldman-Taber Pontiac, Inc. v. Zerbst, 213 Ga. 682 ( 100 S.E.2d 881).
Does the fact that the credit card was in the name of plaintiff's husband, and that he may have made all purchases represented by the account, require a different result here? We think not. By plaintiff's own admission in her deposition, she had been making payment on the account to Signal Oil Gas from the checking account through which she handled the family finances, and when she decided to cease doing so she told her husband that she would not make further payments to it — but she did not notify Signal Oil Gas. The reasonable inference to be drawn from these factors was that plaintiff, who was handling the family finances, had either purchased gasoline on her husband's credit card, or that she had assumed the payment of the account. Having received prior payments from her, the company might reasonably expect to receive further payments from her. It had received no notice from her or otherwise that the practice had been discontinued, other than the failure to receive payment. In this circumstance it was wholly reasonable that the company make inquiry to the employer of the party from whom it had been receiving payment and thus either get the arrearages paid up or get information as to why the account was not being paid.
The letter contains no imputation of insolvency. It did not seek to alter her credit status; indeed, she was not then seeking any extension of credit and the information in the letter was neither used nor intended to be used to impair her credit standing.
This situation is easily distinguishable from that in Southeast Bankcard Assn. v. Woodruff, 124 Ga. App. 478 ( 184 S.E.2d 191), where the information concerning the debtor was sent out to many hundreds of merchants who were using the Master Charge credit card system in extending credit to holders of the cards, and consisted of a listing of his name under a column headed "Most Wanted." We held this sufficiently to implicate that the debtor had wrongfully used the card or his credit in such a manner that it could not be held as a matter of law to be free of libel. Likewise, the situation is distinguishable from that in White v. Parks, 93 Ga. 633 ( 20 S.E. 78), which is more like unto that in Southeast Bankcard Assn. v. Woodruff.
We can see no difference between situations where the debtor contended the charge that a debt was owing was false because it had been paid, or because the merchandise had been faulty, and the present situation where it is contended that the charge was false because the merchandise had been purchased by her husband and not by her. In either event there is simply a contention by the debtor that the debt was not owed by him. Particularly is this true under the facts here.
The most that plaintiff claims under this count is that she has been annoyed, has been nervous and upset and subject to headaches. That is not enough to make libel of the letter. Mere annoyance or loss of peace of mind, or even physical illness caused by the alleged defamation is not enough to make it so. Odgers on Libel and Slander (5th Ed.) 378; Mell v. Edge, 68 Ga. App. 314 (3) ( 22 S.E.2d 738). In Mell the charge that a letter concerning an indebtedness written to a Congressman, who was in position to cause plaintiff to lose his civil service employment, had caused him to become "worried, ill, and temporarily crazy and [that he] lost twenty-six days from service" was held to give rise to no action for libel.
As to Count 1 defendant was entitled to the grant of a summary judgment.
2. The second count, in our view, is a charge of a wrongful invasion of plaintiff's right of privacy in the area of her employment relationship with Dupont, and it is controlled by the ruling in Gouldman-Taber Pontiac, Inc. v. Zerbst, 213 Ga. 682, supra. See also Davis v. General Finance c. Corp., 80 Ga. App. 708 (4) ( 57 S.E.2d 225); American Credit Corp. v. U.S. Casualty Co., 49 F. R. D. 314 (N. D. Ga.).
3. For the reasons stated in our discussion of Count 1, no actionable libel is alleged in Count 3 of the complaint, and since it does not, the charge that the feelings, peace and happiness of the plaintiff have been disturbed adds nothing to it. Haggard v. Shaw, 100 Ga. App. 813, 818, supra.
Moreover, no special damages are pleaded. It is necessary to do so where the matter in question is not libelous per se ( Mell v. Edge, 68 Ga. App. 314, supra), and the Civil Practice Act, though demanding little of the pleader, does require that the petition contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief," (emphasis supplied), Code Ann. § 81A-108 (a), and "When special items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated." Code Ann. § 81A-109 (g). This means that they shall be pleaded with particularity.
The cases of Tench v. Ivie, 121 Ga. App. 114, supra, and Peacock Constr. Co. v. Erickson's, Inc., 121 Ga. App. 544 ( 174 S.E.2d 276) were either written in oversight of these statutory requirements, or they are distinguishable because the matters involved in them were libelous per se and needed no pleading of special damages to support the actions. They are not controlling here. Since the statute requires that special damages, if claimed, must be pleaded, without the pleading of them they cannot be proved. No recovery is authorized here. Cf. Hamby v. Edmunds Motor Co., 80 Ga. App. 209 ( 55 S.E.2d 743); Barry v. Baugh, 111 Ga. App. 813, 815 ( 143 S.E.2d 489, 23 ALR2d 645); Herring v. Pepsi Cola Bottling Co., 113 Ga. App. 680 ( 149 S.E.2d 370); Jordan v. J. C. Penney Co., 114 Ga. App. 822 ( 152 S.E.2d 786); City Stores Co. v. Henderson, 116 Ga. App. 114 ( 156 S.E.2d 818).
Plaintiff urges that the lateral demotion which she received in her employment amounts to a special damage that she is entitled to recover, but we disagree. The facts — her own testimony — reveal that the demotion was attributed, not to the letter which Signal Oil Gas wrote to Dupont, but to the fact that she was unwilling to take a transfer to Charlotte, N.C., when the office where she was employed was being transferred to that point. She was offered the opportunity to transfer and keep her same job. She preferred to stay in Atlanta and take the job which Dupont had available in the billing department, which remained in Atlanta. The work was not greatly different, nor was the salary.
Defendant was entitled to a summary judgment as to all counts.
Judgment reversed. Bell, C. J., Hall, P. J., Quillian and Clark, JJ., concur. Pannell, Deen and Evans, JJ., dissent. Stolz, J., not participating.
Mrs. Betty Conway sued Signal Oil Gas Company for libel. Defendant answered, took the plaintiff's depositions, and then filed a motion for summary judgment. The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment, and the majority opinion of this court reverses.
Where defendant moves for summary judgment, the burden is on movant to pierce the material allegations of plaintiff's complaint, and each essential allegation of said complaint stands as an established fact where not pierced by defendant. His mere denial by answer will not suffice. Watkins v. Nationwide c. Ins. Co., 113 Ga. App. 801 ( 149 S.E.2d 749); Saunders v. Vikers, 116 Ga. App. 733 (2) ( 158 S.E.2d 324); Ga. Power Co. v. Reighard, 121 Ga. App. 737 ( 175 S.E.2d 77); Werbin Tenenbaum, Inc. v. Heard, 121 Ga. App. 147 (2) ( 173 S.E.2d 114). Of course, the rule is well known that all matters, conclusions and inferences must be construed most favorably towards the party opposing the grant of said motion. Rader v. Rayette-Faberge, Inc., 123 Ga. App. 328, 329 ( 181 S.E.2d 83); Candler General Hospital v. Purvis, 123 Ga. App. 334 (1) ( 181 S.E.2d 77).
A fair statement of the posture of this case, as it was presented to the trial judge, is as follows:
Signal Oil Company wrote to the employer of Mrs. Betty Conway, advising that she owed $210.22 as a balance on a gasoline account, because of her use of a gasoline credit card; and stated that it had sent her numerous letters and statements but without results. Her employer was requested to assist Signal Oil and to interview Mrs. Conway to learn why she had not paid the account. The contents of the letter were completely false, and Signal Oil knew they were false. It wrote the letter with the design and intent to interfere with her employment, and her employment was thereby interfered with. Signal Oil's purpose was to intimidate Mrs. Conway and to deliberately defame her character and reputation and subject her to public hatred, contempt and ridicule. Signal Oil knew when it wrote the letter that it would adversely affect plaintiff's economic position with her employer; and would be placed in her file; and adversely affect the business and personal relationship between Mrs. Conway and her employer. The deliberately false letter had an adverse effect on plaintiff in that it wounded her feelings; disturbed her happiness greatly; was detrimental to her mental and physical health; affected her economic position with her employer; unlawfully invaded and intruded into the realm of plaintiff's employment; and caused her to lose the prestige of unblemished character she formerly enjoyed in her relation with her employer and co-employees.
If the majority opinion is correct; if indeed plaintiff is completely without remedy for such a flagrant and unwarranted violation of her rights, it is a great pity, and our laws are greatly in need of revision. The Georgia Code provides that "for every right there shall be a remedy." Code § 3-105. What is Mrs. Conway's remedy here? Surely the law of Georgia will not sanction the defendant's conduct in seeking to intimidate this woman by falsely accusing her of owing money (which she did not owe) and failing to pay attention to the many statements and requests for payment (which had not even been sent to her) and in effect telling her employer that she was a dead-beat, for the purpose of extorting money from her and thus unjustly enriching the defendant corporation at her expense! Formerly the blackmail statute ( Code § 26-1801) would seem to fit this kind of conduct, but it was repealed in 1968 and § 26-1804 was enacted in lieu thereof. But would criminal prosecution of defendant restore Mrs. Conway to her position before she was damaged? We do not see how it could, and yet she is entitled to a remedy. The majority opinion closes the doors in her face on the civil side of the court.
The majority opinion cites various opinions and authorities, which we maintain are not controlling. First of all, let it be observed that in many of these opinions, the authors have treated libel and slander as interchangeable terms, and have tried to fit the definitions of each to the other. But the two are vastly different. Of course, libel must be in writing, while slander is oral or by word of mouth. But slander is much more restricted than libel, and a recovery for slander may be had only if one is falsely charged with a crime; or with having a contagious disorder; or committing a base act which would exclude him from society; or charges made as to his trade, office or profession calculated to injure him therein; or disparaging words productive of special damage. Code § 105-702.
But libel is much more comprehensive and all-inclusive. Recovery for libel may be had for any false written charge against another which tends to injure his reputation, and exposes him to public hatred, or contempt, or ridicule. Code § 105-701. The word "public" means any member of the public, other than the plaintiff; and a letter written to another person meets the definition of "public." See Nelson v. Wainwright, 223 Ga. 429 (3) ( 156 S.E.2d 82).
Despite the clear distinction between libel and slander, many of the cases on libel reach over into the slander statute and attempt to measure libel by such statute, such as whether the article makes a charge as to one's "trade, office or profession, calculated to injure him therein," which words are peculiarly and solely applicable to the statute on slander. See Davis v. General Finance c. Corp., 80 Ga. App. 708 (1) ( 57 S.E.2d 225). We repeat that slander and libel should not be confused or mixed together.
The majority opinion in the case sub judice falls into this error. In Division 1 it is stated that libel per se was not committed because those elements peculiar to the slander statute are not present.
The cases cited by the majority opinion must give way to and are controlled by certain earlier full-bench decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia, which have not been overruled, to wit: White v. Parks, 93 Ga. 633 ( 20 S.E. 78) and Western Union Tel. Co. v. Pritchett, 108 Ga. 415 ( 34 S.E. 216). These cases are controlling in the case sub judice.
Under the rule of stare decisis we are bound by these earlier cases. Croker v. Smith, 225 Ga. 529 ( 169 S.E.2d 787); McCurry v. McCurry, 223 Ga. 334 ( 155 S.E.2d 378); Fidelity-Phenix Ins. Co. v. Mauldin, 123 Ga. App. 108 ( 179 S.E.2d 525).
The majority opinion argues (p. 716) that it was a "reasonable inference" that Mrs. Conway had purchased gasoline on her husband's credit card or she had assumed payment of the account. But a wife is not liable for her husband's debt and Signal Oil has no right to assume she would become liable therefore unless she had notified it to that effect. The majority argues that "having received prior payments from her, the company might `reasonably expect' to receive further payments from her" — but that is not what Signal Oil told her employer; it falsely told the employer that Mrs. Conway owed it; falsely told that she had been notified about the account and paid no attention to its many demands.
The majority argues that it was "wholly reasonable" that the company make inquiry to the employer of the party from whom it had been receiving payment. Being "wholly reasonable" is not equivalent to piercing the allegations of a complaint in a motion for summary judgment by a defendant; further the company did not content itself with making inquiry; it communicated a falsehood to the effect that she owed the money and refused to pay or give any attention to its many demands (all of which was false).
The majority opinion seeks to distinguish White v. Parks, 93 Ga. 633, supra, by saying it is more like Southeast Bankcard v. Woodruff, 124 Ga. App. 478 ( 184 S.E.2d 191). Not so. These two cases cannot be equated with each other. The majority opinion does not comment upon the controlling case of Western Union Tel. Co. v. Pritchett, 108 Ga. 411, 415, supra, which is a full-bench six judge decision.
The majority opinion argues that Mrs. Conway has not pleaded any special damages, but that is erroneous. She has pleaded that her employment was interfered with; her economic position with her employer was adversely affected; her business and personal relationship with her employer and fellow employees was adversely affected; that her mental and physical health were damaged; that she lost the prestige of unblemished character she formerly had with her employer and co-employees; that the letter wounded her feelings; disturbed her happiness; that the letter was placed in her file. Further, in her depositions she testified she had received a demotion in employment. She was not required to plead out-of-pocket expenses in order to plead special damage.
I, therefore, dissent and would affirm the trial court in overruling the motion for summary judgment.
I am authorized to state that Judges Pannell and Deen join in this dissent.