Summary
holding that malicious prosecution has a twoyear statute of limitations and that claim does not accrue until favor end to prosecution
Summary of this case from Rosario v. LynchOpinion
April 28, 1961.
May 22, 1961.
Limitations — Statute of limitations — Malicious prosecution — Time when cause of action accrues.
1. A cause of action for malicious prosecution cannot come into existence until the criminal prosecution has terminated in favor of the plaintiff in the malicious prosecution action; and the statute of limitations on an action for malicious prosecution does not commence to run until that event. [20-1]
2. There can be no action until a right of action is complete, and no statute of limitations can run before that time has come. [22]
3. A statute of limitations must be read in the light of common sense and reason, and the Legislature is presumed not to intend unreasonable or absurd results. [20]
Argued April 28, 1961. Before JONES, C. J., BELL, MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, BOK and EAGEN, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 230, 231, 232, 233, 234 and 235, Jan. T., 1961, from judgments of Court of Common Pleas of Blair County, Jan. T., 1960, Nos. 141 to 146, inclusive, in case of Frank J. Sicola et al. v. The First National Bank of Altoona. Judgments reversed.
Trespass for malicious prosecution.
Judgments entered sustaining defendants' demurrer, opinion by KLEPSER, P. J. Plaintiffs appealed.
Stephen M. Feldman, with him Merle K. Evey, Joseph G. Feldman, and Feldman Feldman, for appellants.
Robert C. Haberstroh, for appellee.
Six persons, now appellants, sued the defendant bank for malicious prosecution. They have appealed because the court below sustained preliminary objections to their complaints.
The bank had plaintiffs arrested for obtaining money under false pretenses and for conspiracy committed on January 18 and 30, 1958. Plaintiff Strong was acquitted by a jury on December 9, 1959, and on January 12, 1960, the indictments against the other plaintiffs were nolle prossed. The complaints in the instant cases were filed on March 9, 1960.
The preliminary objections asserted, and the court below held, that the complaints were tardily filed because of the Statute of Limitations, Act of July 1, 1935, P. L. 503, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 51, which provides: "That every suit to recover damages for malicious prosecution or for false arrest, because of a right of action hereafter accruing, must be brought within one year from the date of the accruing of such right of action, and not thereafter. . . ."
The court below felt that the injury to the plaintiffs occurred at the moment of their arrest and hence that their right of action accrued at that time. Its reason was that the requirement of a favorable termination of the criminal proceedings was a condition precedent to recovery for malicious prosecution in order to avoid the possibility of inconsistent verdicts, that is to say, one criminal verdict and another and different civil verdict. This was clear error.
We accept the allegations of the complaints as true: Ayers v. Morgan, 397 Pa. 282 (1959), 154 A.2d 788. The cited case, involving the discovery nine years after a surgical operation that the defendant doctor had left a sponge inside a patient, also informs us that a statute of limitation must be read in the light of common sense and reason, and that the Legislature is presumed not to intend unreasonable or absurd results.
The elements of the action before us are malice, want of probable cause, and a favorable outcome of the criminal process: Curley v. Automobile Finance Co., 343 Pa. 280 (1941), 23 A.2d 48; Smoker v. Ohl, 335 Pa. 270 (1939), 6 A.2d 810. And as we said in Beadle v. Friel, 320 Pa. 560 (1936), 183 A. 761: " 'It is clearly settled also, that the [criminal] proceeding must be determined finally before any action lies for the injury.' " See also Manning v. Newville Water Co., 111 Pa. Super. 229 (1933), 169 A. 254, where the court said: "A cause of action must be complete before an action can be commenced, and the subsequent occurrence of a material fact will not avail in maintaining it."
A plaintiff in malicious use of process does not make out a case simply by proving his arrest and acquittal: Miller v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 371 Pa. 308 (1952), 89 A.2d 809. The other two elements must also appear. Want of probable cause does not in itself prove malice as a motive: Simpson v. Montgomery Ward Co., 354 Pa. 87 (1946), 46 A. 674. However, malice may be inferred from want of probable cause, but not want of probable cause from malice. If probable cause exists, malice is immaterial: Werner v. Bowers, 318 Pa. 518 (1935), 178 A. 831. As this court said in Dietz v. Langfitt, 63 Pa. 234 (1870): "Park, J., in Mitchell v. Jenkins, 5 B. Ald. 588, said: 'If there be reasonable or probable cause, no malice, however distinctly proved, will make the defendant liable.' If this were not so, the evil spirit of the prosecutor might redeem the evil act of the criminal."
It follows that if plaintiffs had been convicted of the criminal charges the defendant's probable cause would have been judicially fixed and no action for malicious prosecution could lie. But if acquitted, plaintiffs would have taken only the first of the steps required to establish their action for malicious prosecutions, although it is usually put last in the definition. This is to say that until the outcome of the criminal procedure it is impossible to tell whether or not there is a basis for the civil suit, and hence it is impossible to write a complaint. The criminal case may be delayed for years beyond the one-year period of the Statute by the complexity of the evidence, the condition of the court calendar, or the availability of witnesses, and to compel a suitor to state his action before he can possibly know what it is would be absurd.
There can be no action until a right of action is complete, and hence no statute of limitation can run before that time has come: New York Penna. Co. v. N.Y. Central R. R. Co., 300 Pa. 242 (1930), 150 A. 480. We therefore hold that plaintiffs' right of action could not accrue until the criminal action ended in their favor. Once it did, they started their suits in ample time.
The judgments are reversed, with a procedendo.