Summary
In Shoemaker v. St. Joseph Hospital, 56 Wn. App. 575, 784 P.2d 562 (1990), the parent of a patient who committed suicide in a hospital was denied recovery for outrage and negligent infliction of emotional distress because the plaintiff suffered no objective symptoms and because suicide was not reasonably foreseeable.
Summary of this case from Lindsey v. Visitec, Inc.Opinion
No. 12378-9-II.
January 11, 1990.
[1] Constitutional Law — Equal Protection — Statutory Rights. The Legislature has broad authority to establish conditions governing eligibility to enforce legislatively created rights.
[2] Constitutional Law — Equal Protection — Classifications — Minimal Scrutiny — Applicability. A statutory classification that does not affect fundamental rights or create a suspect class is given only minimal scrutiny under the equal protection clause.
[3] Constitutional Law — Equal Protection — Classifications — Minimal Scrutiny — Test. A statutory classification satisfies the minimal scrutiny equal protection test if it has a rational basis and is consistent with the purpose of the legislation.
[4] Juveniles — Loss of Child's Consortium — Limitations — Equal Protection. RCW 4.24.010, which does not allow a parent to recover for loss of consortium of an adult child unless the parent was dependent on the child for support at the time of the child's death, does not violate the parent's right to equal protection of the laws.
[5] Outrage — Dependency — Necessity. A plaintiff need not be dependent for support on a decedent to bring an action for damages for outrage.
[6] Emotional Distress — Dependency — Necessity. A plaintiff need not be dependent for support on a decedent to bring an action for damages for negligent infliction of emotional distress.
[7] Appeal — Disposition of Cause — Affirmance on Other Grounds — In General. An appellate court can affirm a judgment on any proper ground revealed in the record.
[8] Outrage — Elements — Mental Element. Negligent acts that were neither intentional nor reckless do not give rise to liability for the tort of outrage.
[9] Emotional Distress — Elements — Symptoms of Actual Distress — Necessity. A plaintiff must have objective symptoms of mental or emotional distress in order to recover for the tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress.
[10] Emotional Distress — Elements — Duty — Scope — Foreseeability. The duty to refrain from negligently inflicting emotional distress is limited to reasonably foreseeable risks.
Nature of Action: The parent of a patient who had committed suicide in a hospital sought damages from the hospital and several physicians under various theories.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Pierce County, No. 86-2-05441-9, Donald H. Thompson, J., on March 23, 1988, granted a summary judgment dismissing the claims for outrage, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and loss of consortium.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the recovery provisions of the child death statute do not violate equal protection, that the defendants' conduct was not outrageous, that the plaintiff had suffered no objective symptoms of her emotional distress, and that the suicide in the plaintiff's presence was not reasonably foreseeable, the court affirms the judgment.
Robert D. Reinhard, for appellant. William R. Hickman, Heather Houston, and Reed McClure Moceri Thonn Moriarty, for respondent St. Joseph Hospital.
Kelly P. Corr, Michael Mirande, Nicholas Wagner, and Bogle Gates, for respondents Ramos.
Lee M. Barns and Houger, Miller Stein, for respondents Anderson.
Brian Unsin leaped to his death from a window at St. Joseph Hospital moments after his mother, Doris Shoemaker, came into his room to visit. Shoemaker, individually and as Unsin's personal representative, asserted several different claims in this lawsuit against the hospital and several doctors. She now appeals summary judgment dismissing her individual claims for the torts of outrage and negligent infliction of emotional distress, and her claim under the child death statute (RCW 4.24.010) for loss of consortium.
Shoemaker contends that her right to equal protection of the law has been violated by a provision in the child death statute that disqualifies her from claiming loss of consortium. She also contends that the trial court erred in excluding her from the class eligible to sue for outrage and negligent infliction of emotional distress. We disagree with the first contention and agree with the second. We affirm, nevertheless, holding that the trial court's ruling can be sustained on other, proper grounds.
Unsin was admitted to St. Joseph with self-inflicted scrotal lacerations, the result of an apparent suicide attempt. Dr. Ronald Anderson, a urologist, repaired the wounds, then sought to admit Unsin to the psychiatric ward. A nurse refused admittance, whereupon Anderson placed Unsin on the medical ward under "suicide precautions," with one-to-one nursing care. He was not physically restrained or chemically sedated.
Throughout the night Unsin was delusional, and he spoke of death and his desire to die. The following morning, Unsin underwent a brief consultation with Dr. Rufino Ramos, a psychiatrist, who diagnosed "major depressive disorder with psychotic features." Ramos did not recommend restraint or sedation. The fatal event occurred later that day after Shoemaker entered the room while a nurse was changing Unsin's intravenous equipment. Unsin became increasingly agitated during the procedure, and suddenly he rose from the bed and leaped out the seventh floor window.
Shoemaker sought damages for loss of consortium as part of her child death claim under RCW 4.24.010. The trial court dismissed the claim because Unsin, at the time of his death, was an adult and Shoemaker was not dependent upon him for support, a statutory prerequisite of Shoemaker's claim. See Warner v. McCaughan, 77 Wn.2d 178, 460 P.2d 272 (1969). Shoemaker contends that this statutory scheme unconstitutionally deprives her of equal protection of the law because parents of minor children who die need not be dependent to recover damages for loss of consortium, and that she should not be barred simply because her son had reached majority. We disagree.
RCW 4.24.010 provides, in part:
"Action for injury or death of child. The mother or father or both may maintain an action as plaintiff for the injury or death of a minor child, or a child on whom either, or both, are dependent for support: . . . ."
[1] Shoemaker poses the issue as involving a distinction in treatment of parents of children who die at different ages. She is mistaken. The issue has to do with persons who were dependent on a decedent as contrasted with those who were not. Gray v. Goodson, 61 Wn.2d 319, 325, 378 P.2d 413 (1963). Moreover, it involves a cause of action given life entirely through legislation. Gray v. Goodson, supra. Legislatively created rights are peculiarly subject to legislatively created conditions. Shope Enters., Inc. v. Kent Sch. Dist., 41 Wn. App. 128, 131, 702 P.2d 499 (1985). [2-4] Minimal scrutiny analysis applies to Shoemaker's claim, because the child death statute does not affect fundamental rights or create a suspect class. Cosro, Inc. v. Liquor Control Bd., 107 Wn.2d 754, 759-60, 733 P.2d 539 (1987). Under this test, the classification need only have a rational basis and be consistent with the purpose of the legislation. Paulson v. County of Pierce, 99 Wn.2d 645, 653, 664 P.2d 1202, appeal dismissed, 464 U.S. 957, 78 L.Ed.2d 331, 104 S.Ct. 386 (1983). Clearly there is a rational basis for creating in a dependent claim for the wrongful death of one upon whom he or she was dependent. Shoemaker's further argument, that it is unreasonable to link dependency to eligibility to recover for the noneconomic loss of consortium, is without merit. Only the statutory classification is reached by an equal protection challenge. If the Legislature has delineated a proper class, it then has broad latitude in providing remedies to that class.
In the alternative, Shoemaker asks us to expand the common law and recognize a new cause of action in this case. See Ueland v. Pengo Hydra-Pull Corp., 103 Wn.2d 131, 136, 691 P.2d 190 (1984) (the court, in the interests of justice, may recognize a new cause of action). We decline to do so. We must defer to the Legislature and its decision to define the class of beneficiaries with reference to dependency. See Burkhart v. Harrod, 110 Wn.2d 381, 388-90, 755 P.2d 759 (1988).
Shoemaker next contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her claims of outrage and negligent infliction of emotional distress because she was not dependent on Unsin for support. We agree that this basis for the ruling was erroneous.
Only an immediate family member may bring an outrage claim that is based on conduct directed at a third person. Grimsby v. Samson, 85 Wn.2d 52, 60, 530 P.2d 291, 77 A.L.R.3d 436 (1975). The same is true for claims of negligent infliction of emotional distress. Cunningham v. Lockard, 48 Wn. App. 38, 45, 736 P.2d 305 (1987). In Strickland v. Deaconess Hosp., 47 Wn. App. 262, 735 P.2d 74, review denied, 108 Wn.2d 1028 (1987), Division Three refined the Grimsby test by holding that an immediate family member means a person in the class permitted to bring a wrongful death action. Strickland, 47 Wn. App. at 269. The trial court in this case dismissed the claims because it assumed that Strickland required Shoemaker to qualify to bring a wrongful death action on her own behalf in order to pursue these personal claims — i.e., that she be a family member and Unsin's dependent. The court erred.
[5-7] Strickland did not speak to the economic status of dependency; it purported only to define a class of relatives, i.e., what persons were "immediate family members." The court said:
[W]e determine the class of "immediate family members" entitled to recover under a theory of outrage consists of those who are permitted to bring wrongful death actions. . . . Under that statute the Legislature has expressed the policy that recovery is available to spouses, children, stepchildren, parents, and siblings. RCW 4.20.020. We conclude its limitation is reasonable and comports with Grimsby's reference to "immediate family"; and hold its rationale applies in an action for outrage.
(Footnote omitted.) Strickland, 47 Wn. App. at 268-69. A reading of the Strickland opinion as a whole reveals that no issue of dependency was before the court.
The torts of outrage and negligent infliction of emotional distress originated in the common law. See Grimsby v. Samson, supra; Hunsley v. Giard, 87 Wn.2d 424, 553 P.2d 1096 (1976). They did not arise from the wrongful death or child death statutes or from any other legislative enactment. Consequently, Division Three's reference in Strickland to the wrongful death statute (RCW 4.20.020) was not an attempt to bring these torts within any statutory framework, but was merely a shorthand method of identifying a group of persons referred to in Grimsby as immediate family members. That also was our intent in Cunningham. Should there be any doubt concerning our position, we now hold that "immediate family members," as the term is used in Grimsby, means the class of relatives enumerated in RCW 4.20.020. The economic status of dependency is irrelevant to the standing of a member of that class to bring a common law action for the torts of outrage or negligent infliction of emotional distress. The error does not require reversal, however, because the record discloses a proper ground to support the court's ruling, and we are permitted to affirm on such a ground. Nast v. Michels, 107 Wn.2d 300, 308, 730 P.2d 54 (1986). As a matter of law, Shoemaker cannot prevail on these claims.
[8] The undisputed facts most favorable to Shoemaker involve no intentional or reckless acts. At most, the defendants or some of them may have been negligent in failing to restrain or sedate Unsin, refusing to admit him to the psychiatric ward, failing to administer a timely mental status examination, failing to make a proper diagnosis, maintaining inadequate records, and allowing Unsin's disturbance to be exacerbated by Shoemaker's visit. These facts do not come close to making an outrage case. See, e.g., Wolf v. Scott Wetzel Servs., Inc., 113 Wn.2d 665, 782 P.2d 203 (1989); Babcock v. State, 112 Wn.2d 83, 768 P.2d 481, reh'g granted, September 6 (1989); Guffey v. State, 103 Wn.2d 144, 690 P.2d 1163 (1984); Contreras v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 88 Wn.2d 735, 565 P.2d 1173 (1977); Grimsby v. Samson, supra. Shoemaker's outrage claim could not reach the jury on these facts, and it was the trial court's responsibility to make that determination. Spurrell v. Bloch, 40 Wn. App. 854, 862, 701 P.2d 529, review denied, 104 Wn.2d 1014 (1985).
[9] Shoemaker cannot prevail on her claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress for two reasons. First, she has presented no evidence to show that her claimed mental or emotional distress has been "manifested by objective symptomatology", i.e., "physical symptoms evidencing and resulting from the emotional distress." Hunsley, 87 Wn.2d at 433, 436. Affidavits and depositions from Shoemaker, her daughter and a psychologist state that Shoemaker suffered from sleep disturbances and nightmares, tearful outbursts, low energy level, and recurrent "intrusive memories". However, they also show that she was never under a doctor's care, never received or requested medication, and that her social and occupational functioning have been unimpaired. The psychologist hired by Shoemaker's attorney to conduct a mental evaluation did not consider Shoemaker to be clinically depressed. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to Shoemaker, these symptoms are not "signs of distress above that level which is a fact of life." Spurrell, 40 Wn. App. at 863.
[10] Moreover, the duty to refrain from negligent infliction of emotional harm "is owed only to those who are foreseeably endangered by the conduct and only with respect to those risks or hazards whose likelihood made the conduct unreasonably dangerous." Hunsley v. Giard, 87 Wn.2d at 436 (quoting Rodrigues v. State, 52 Haw. 156, 472 P.2d 509 (1970)). Shoemaker has produced no evidence showing that the hospital or the doctors should have foreseen that her son would leap out of the window in her presence.
Foreseeability was not raised by defendants prior to oral argument, but we may nevertheless consider the issue since it is necessary to reach a proper decision. Falk v. Keene Corp., 113 Wn.2d 645, 782 P.2d 974 (1989).
Affirmed.
PETRICH, A.C.J., and REED, J., concur.
Review denied at 114 Wn.2d 1025 (1990).