Opinion
No. 67.
Argued October 16, 1922. Decided November 13, 1922.
Where a litigant appeals to the Circuit Court of Appeals in a case involving the jurisdiction of the District Court and other questions, but confines the controversy there to the jurisdictional question alone, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals sustaining its own jurisdiction and affirming the District Court is final, and this Court is without power to review it. Jud. Code, §§ 128, 238; Judiciary Act of 1891. P. 148. Appeal to review 270 F. 141, dismissed.
Mr. Allen J. Seney, with whom Mr. Roy R. Stuart was on the briefs, for appellant.
The State of Ohio and not the prosecuting attorney is the real party in interest. Valentine Anti-Trust Law, § 6400; Smith Cold Storage Law, §§ 1155-13; 1155-19; General Code of Ohio, §§ 2916, 11241.
These Anti-Trust and Cold Storage Laws are both penal statutes. The federal courts do not enforce such. Montgomery v. Postal Telegraph-Cable Co., 218 F. 471; Texas v. Day Land Co., 41 F. 228, 230.
The action is brought in the name of the prosecuting attorney, solely for the benefit of the State. State ex rel. v. Railroad Co., 36 Ohio St. 434.
The Circuit Court of Appeals, in its opinion, notwithstanding it concluded that there was diversity of citizenship, found, as a matter of both fact and law, that the State of Ohio was the real party in interest and hence the plaintiff.
The judgment was not final in the Circuit Court of Appeals because jurisdiction was not dependent entirely on diverse citizenship. Jud. Code, § 128. Sections 128, 239 and 240, Jud. Code, when read together, give ample authority to this Court to decide in this case on the appeal the question that is raised here: — Is the State of Ohio party plaintiff or is Allen J. Seney party plaintiff?
Jurisdiction of this Court to review the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals is determined by an examination of the petition for removal. Southern Pacific Co. v. Stewart, 245 U.S. 562.
Mr. H.W. Fraser for appellees.
Styling himself the plaintiff, and declaring that he proceeded officially on behalf of the State, Allen J. Seney, prosecuting attorney, instituted the original proceeding against Swift Company and The Northern Refrigerating Company, in the Court of Common Pleas for Lucas County, Ohio. He charged that those companies were parties to certain agreements and transactions in respect of stored pork products denounced by the Valentine Anti-Trust Law and the Smith Cold Storage Law, and prayed for an order restraining delivery of the products to Swift Company, for a receiver, and for an injunction forbidding further unlawful acts.
In due time, alleging that the controversy was solely between it and Allen J. Seney, prosecuting attorney, and complete determination could be had without the presence of The Northern Refrigerating Company, Swift Company asked removal of the cause to the United States District Court. Shortly stated, the petition set up the following grounds:
1. The controversy is controlled by, and necessarily involves, the Constitution or laws of the United States.
2. Defendant cannot enforce, in the judicial tribunals of Ohio, its equal civil rights as a citizen of the United States.
3. The parties are citizens of different States.
Swift Company filed the record in the District Court, and later presented an answer and cross petition. Upon the claim that the cause was not removable and the District Court lacked jurisdiction, the relator moved to remand to the state court on the record as it then stood, and neither party offered affidavits or other evidence in support of or in opposition thereto. This motion being overruled, he refused to litigate the merits. Thereafter, evidence was introduced to show that the pork was in interstate transportation, resting under a storage-in-transit privilege, and had never been intended for sale in Ohio. A final judgment dismissed the complaint. The court based its conclusion in part upon findings of an adequate affirmative defense.
The relator appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals, where he relied wholly upon the jurisdictional question. That court said, "The only question now in controversy in this court is whether the court below acquired jurisdiction by the petition for removal," but ruled that the final decree appealed from involved something more than jurisdiction, and sustained the appeal. It considered the three specified grounds for removal, held the first and second unsubstantial, the third sufficient, and affirmed the trial court. 270 F. 141. Thereupon, this appeal was taken and the relator again seeks to present the single question upon which he relied below.
After final judgment in the District Court, other defenses being waived, the cause might have come here by direct appeal upon the jurisdictional question only ( Wilson v. Republic Iron Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 96); but other matters were involved which could have been reviewed. He chose to go to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and there assailed the removal and nothing more.
The District Court's jurisdiction depended upon the substantial grounds alleged in the petition for removal. Southern Pacific Co. v. Stewart, 245 U.S. 359, 363, 364. Without traversing the facts alleged therein, the relator has always maintained that none of such grounds was good. The Circuit Court of Appeals adopted his views as to Nos. 1 and 2 ( supra) but declared the third — diversity of citizenship — a substantial one. Generally, at least, suitors may not maintain a position here which conflicts with that taken below; and the only point now open, in any view, is that the claim of diverse citizenship lacks substantiality. Wilson v. Republic Iron Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 97, 98. The court below, upon full consideration, rejected this contention.
Section 128, Judicial Code, provides that circuit courts of appeals shall exercise appellate jurisdiction over final decisions of district courts in all classes of cases except those wherein appeals and writs of error may be taken directly to the Supreme Court.
Sec. 128. The circuit courts of appeals shall exercise appellate jurisdiction to review by appeal or writ of error final decisions in the district courts, including the United States district court for Hawaii and the United States district court for Porto Rico, in all cases other than those in which appeals and writs of error may be taken direct to the Supreme Court, as provided in section two hundred and thirty-eight, unless otherwise provided by law; and, except as provided in sections two hundred and thirty-nine and two hundred and forty, the judgments and decrees of the circuit court of appeals shall be final in all cases in which the jurisdiction is dependent entirely upon the opposite parties to the suit or controversy being aliens and citizens of the United States or citizens of different States; also in all cases arising under the patent laws, under the trade-mark laws, under the copyright laws, under the revenue laws, and under the criminal laws, and in admiralty cases.
Section 238, Judicial Code, provides that appeals and writs of error may be taken from final judgments of the district courts directly to the Supreme Court when jurisdiction of the court is in issue, in prize causes, cases involving the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States, etc.
Sec. 238. Appeals and writs of error may be taken from the district courts, including the United States district court for Hawaii and the United States district court for Porto Rico, direct to the Supreme Court in the following cases: In any case in which the jurisdiction of the court is in issue, in which case the question of jurisdiction alone shall be certified to the Supreme Court from the court below for decision; from the final sentences and decrees in prize causes; in any case that involves the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States; in any case in which the constitutionality of any law of the United States or the validity or construction of any treaty made under its authority is drawn in question; and in any case in which the constitution or law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States.
The Act of March 3, 1891, c. 517, 26 Stat. 826, from which these sections take their origin, has been uniformly construed as intended to distribute jurisdiction among the appellate courts, prevent successive appeals, and relieve the docket of this Court. If appellant, in the way now attempted, can secure two reviews of a cause wherein he has presented to the court below no controverted question except the jurisdictional one, a fundamental purpose of the statute will be frustrated. Robinson v. Caldwell, 165 U.S. 359, 362; Loeb v. Columbia Township Trustees, 179 U.S. 472, 478; Union Planters' Bank v. Memphis, 189 U.S. 71, 73, 74; Carolina Glass Co. v. South Carolina, 240 U.S. 305, 318; El Banco Popular, etc. v. Wilcox, 255 U.S. 72, 75; The Carlo Poma, 255 U.S. 219, 221; Alaska Pacific Fisheries v. Alaska, 249 U.S. 53, 60, 61.
And we accordingly hold, that whenever the suitor might have come here directly from the District Court upon the sole question which he chose to controvert in the Circuit Court of Appeals, the judgment of the latter becomes final, and we cannot entertain an appeal therefrom.
The suggestion of counsel that this Court must have denied the writ of certiorari heretofore applied for because of the pending appeal, is not well founded. Such writs are only granted under special circumstances, adequately specified in former opinions. Hamilton-Brown Shoe Co. v. Wolf Brothers Co., 240 U.S. 251, 257, 258.
Dismissed.