Summary
In Seligman v. Victor Talking Machine Co., 71 N.J. Eq. 697;affirmed, 72 N.J. Eq. 946, an injunction was sustained prohibiting noises from a factory during the night, the finding being that the noise prevented the complainant from enjoying his sleep and rest. There was no restraint against the noise during the daytime.
Summary of this case from Benton v. KernanOpinion
07-13-1906
SELIGMAN v. VICTOR TALKING MACH. CO.
French & Richards, for complainant. Grey & Archer, for defendant.
Bill by Isaac Seligman against the Victor Talking Machine Company. Heard on bill, answer, replication, and proofs. Decree for plaintiff.
French & Richards, for complainant. Grey & Archer, for defendant.
GARRISON, V. C. This is a bill filed by Isaac Seligman against the Victor Talking Machine Company, complaining of an alleged nuisance. The plant of the defendant company and the dwelling house of the complainant are each in a block of land in the city of Camden, practically square, bounded on the west by Front street, on the east by Second street, on the north by Cooper street, and on the south by Market street. The dwelling of the complainant, No. 117 Market street, abuts on the west a line drawn north and south through the center of the block. The defendant now owns all the land north from a line drawn east and west through the center of the block. Market street is one of the principal streets of the city, and on it in this block, at the time complainant came there to live in 1878, there dwelt some of the most prominent and influential men of the city, among them Abraham Browning, Peter L. Voorhees, and James B. Dayton. There were at that time nothing but residences in the block, with two exceptions. There was a blacksmith shop almost immediately north of and in the rear of complainant's lot, and there was a carriage factory on the Front street side of the block a little to the south of the middle thereof. The entrance to the blacksmith shop was from Front street, but the shop itself stood far back from the street, as above described. Subsequently this building was used as a machine shop, and about 10 years ago was used by the originator of the Victor talking machines as a place in which to manufacture his machines. The Victor Talking Machine Company was incorporated in 1901. It has erected many large buildings on the lands owned by it, and it first operated the machinery therein from a 125 horse power engine, located in a building on the north side of the block, about 165 feet northwest from the north end of complainant's house. In August of 1905 the defendant completed a building the nearest point of which is about 120 feet from the complainant's house, and is so located that if the east line of complainant's lot was projected it would form the west line of the building. In this building, which is of two stories, there was installed upon the ground floor two boilers capable of generating steam of a combined capacity of 600 horse power. On the second floor were installed two engines and dynamos or generators of a combined capacity of 375 horse power. The balance of the horse power of the steam was utilized for heating tables to heat the metal records used in the talking machines, and also to furnish electric lighting for the plant, and to run pumps and other machinery. Some time in the winter of 1905 the defendant company inaugurated a new method of distributing to their customers the records used in the talking machines, and by reason of such new method of distribution were compelled at certain times to operate their machinery continuously from 6 o'clock in the morning until late hours at night, and finally until 4 o'clock in the morning. This machinery, so operated, was located in the building last described, and it is the noise and vibrations therefrom of which complaint is made.
The vibrations are shown to be about of the same character and intensity as those occasioned in the same building by the passage of trolley cars or of heavily loaded trucks; the only difference being that those occasioned by the machinery were continuous. I am satisfied from the proofs that, so far as the making of noise or the causing of vibrations are concerned, the machinery in this factory is properly installed and carefully operated, and does not cause anymore noise and vibrations than usually accompany or are incident to the operation of any considerable amount of machinery using steam. In other words, I think that the situation is that of an ordinary manufacturing plant producing the ordinary noises of such an establishment, and, if it were operated only during the hours of the day when such plants are customarily operated, it would not be subject to restraint upon the proofs in this suit. The complainant, although the prayer of his bill is broad enough to cover such restraint, does not, as a fact, ask for it. He limits his application to a prayer that the defendant be restrained from operating during such hours of the night as are necessarily devoted by him and his family to rest. This raises the question whether a manufacturing establishment, which has come into a city block theretofore free from annoying noises and vibrations, may operate its machinery, with the usual noise and vibration accompanying the same, during the hours of the night usually devoted to rest, if the effect of such customary noise or vibration as the unusual hour is to keep awake those dwelling adjacent to the plant?
There is, of course, no reason in law why a manufacturing establishment may not operate throughout the entire 24 hours, if it causes no actionable or legal wrong to others. It is well recognized, however, in cases of nuisance, that the things to be taken into account include, not only the degree and character of the annoyance and the circumstances under which it occurs, but also the time of its occurrence. As is well said by Vice Chancellor Pitney in Gilbough v. West Side Amusement Company, 64 N. J. Eq., at page 28, 53 Atl., at page 289 (1902): "So the time when a noise is made is also to be taken into account. Mankind needs sleep for a succession of several hours once in every 24 hours, and nature has provided a time for that purpose, to wit, the nighttime; and by common consent of civilized man the night is devoted to rest and sleep, and noises which would not be adjudged nuisances under the circumstances if made in the daytime will be declared to be nuisances if made at night during the hours which are usually devoted by the inhabitants of that neighborhood to sleep." Many other authorities are to the same effect. Kerr on Injunctions, *216, note 37; Wood's Law of Nuisances (2d Ed.) § 613; 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d. Ed.) p. 697, note 3. It is not disputed in the case at bar that the noises and vibrations complained of exist, and that when the plant was in operation at night they seriously affected some of those in the neighborhood. The gravamen of the defense is that those who were thus affected were persons of extraordinary sensibility and were not such as the law would protect by injunction by reason thereof.
The complainant and the three other members of his family were undoubtedly guilty of exaggeration, more, however, in describing the effects upon them of the annoyances than with respect to the character or degree of the annoyances. The other witnesses for the complainant are not, however, open to any such charge, and the undisputed facts are that there was the hum or whir of this heavy machinery, the pounding or pulsating thereof, the noise of the exhaust of the steam, and the continuous vibration conveyed through the earth to the walls of the adjacent houses. In addition to that which emanated from the machinery itself, there were the noises occasioned by removing the metal discs from the presses, which operation required the dropping of heavy masses of metal a distance of several inches upon a metal-topped table. The standard to guide the court is well stated by Chancellor Zabriskie in Ross v. Butler, 19 N. J. Eq. 294, at page 298, 97 Am. Dec. 654 (1868): "The law takes care that lawful and useful business shall not be put a stop to on account of every trifling or imaginary annoyance, such as may offend the taste or disturb the nerves of a fastidious or over-refined person. But, on the other hand, it does not allow any one, whatever his circumstances or condition may be, to be driven from his home, or to be compelled to live in it in positive discomfort, although caused by a lawful and useful business carried on in his vicinity. The maxim 'sic utere tuo ut alienum non ladas' expresses the well-established doctrine of the law. It is not necessary, to constitute a nuisance, that the matter complained of should affect the health or do injury to material property. It is sufficient, in the language of Sir Knight Bruce, if it is 'an inconvenience materially interfering with the ordinary comfort, physically, of human existence, not merely according to elegant and dainty modes and habits of living, but according to plain and sober and simple notions among the English people.'" Cleveland v. Citizens' Gaslight Co., 20 N. J. Eq. 205 (Zabriskie, Ch.; 1869); Meigs v. Lister, 23 N. J. Eq., at page 204 (Zabriskie, Ch.; 1872). It has been observed that, where witnesses are alleged to be of other than normal condition of mind and body, it must appear by the proofs that they are such, as the presumption, in the absence of proof, is that all citizens enjoy a normal condition of mind and body. Board of Health v. Lederer, 52 N. J. Eq., at page 678, 29 Atl. 444 (Bird, V. C.; 1894).
Confining the Investigation solely to the witnesses who dwelt in the vicinity and who were therefore subject to annoyance at night, there were produced by the complainant five witnesses, including the four members of his own family, who dwelt upon the Market street side of the block, and who were each seriously affected by the noises and vibrations at night and were kept awake thereby. The defendant produced nine witnesses from the Market street front of the block, who testified that they were not annoyed or disturbed by the night operations. From theSecond street side of the block the complainant and defendant each produced two witnesses—those for the complainant testifying that they were seriously annoyed and kept awake; those for the defendant testifying that they were not. Three witnesses were produced by the complainant who dwelt in adjoining blocks, and who testified to the annoyances occasioned to them by the noises resulting from the night operation of the plant. There was nothing in the proofs, or in the appearance of the complainant's witnesses, to show to the court that they were persons having the tastes or the nerves of the fastidious or the over-refined. They each appeared to be persons accustomed to plain, sober, and simple existence, such as is lived by the average person in an American community. As before pointed out, the complainant and his family described effects produced upon them by the annoyances which I cannot help but believe were largely mental or imaginary. But this does not in any way militate against the proven fact that the annoyances did exist, and did keep them from obtaining rest, and did render their dwelling practically unfitted as a place for rest; and, as previously said, the charge of over exaggeration, which properly lies against the complainant's family in this respect, does not at all apply to the other witnesses produced by the complainant, each of whom was affected at night so seriously as to disturb his rest. The fact that others, either because they were differently situated with respect to the plant or differently constituted physically, did not suffer a similar annoyance, does not deprive the complainant of his right to relief. As the court said in Cleveland v. Citizens' Gaslight Co., 20 N. J. Eq., at page 205 (Zabriskie, Ch.; 1869): "The discomforts must be physical, not such as depend upon taste or imagination. But whatever is offensive physically to the senses, and by such offensiveness makes life uncomfortable, is a nuisance; and it is not the less so because there may be persons whose habits and occupations have brought them to endure the same annoyances without discomfort. Other persons or classes of persons whose senses have not been so hardened, and who, by their education and habits of life, retain the sensitiveness of their natural organization, are entitled to enjoy life and comfort as they are constituted." See, also, Harrison v. St. Mark's Church, 3 Wkly. Notes Cas. (Pa.) 384.
In view of the authorities and the undisputed facts in this case, it seems to me that the complainant is entitled to have this plant restrained from operating after a reasonable hour at night and until a reasonable hour in the morning. He has suggested that the restraint should be from 10 p. m. until 6 a. m. I will, however, settle the hours upon the settling of the decree, which may be done upon notice.
I will advise a decree in accordance with the above views.