Summary
In Schwenkhoff v. Farmers Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1960), 11 Wis.2d 97, 104 N.W.2d 154, we solemnly said the failure of the legislature to enact a bill designed to change the rule that an unemancipated minor could not maintain an action in tort against its negligent parent for personal injuries constituted an expression by the legislature that no change should be made by this court.
Summary of this case from Peterson v. RoloffOpinion
June 7, 1960 —
June 28, 1960.
APPEAL from a judgment of the county court of Sauk county: ROBERT H. GOLLMAR, Judge. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
For the appellants there were briefs by Vaughn S. Conway and Kenneth H. Conway, both of Baraboo, attorneys, and Irving D. Gaines of Milwaukee of counsel, and oral argument by Vaughn S. Conway.
For the respondents there was a brief by Langer Cross of Baraboo, and James R. Seering, district attorney of Sauk county, and oral argument by Mr. Clyde C. Cross, Mr. H. M. Langer, and Mr. Seering.
Action to recover damages for personal injuries received in a collision of motor vehicles. One of the vehicles was a Chevrolet automobile driven by Orville Schwenkhoff, and the other was a truck with snowplow attached belonging to Sauk county and driven by one George Yonke. The plaintiff, Vada Schwenkhoff, is the wife of Orville Schwenkhoff, and the plaintiff Lonette Schwenkhoff is his infant daughter. The plaintiffs were guest passengers in the Schwenkhoff automobile. The above-entitled matter was originally started by service of summons and complaint to which each of the defendants interposed a demurrer. The trial court in that case sustained the demurrer and appeal was taken to the supreme court. This court sustained the trial court's decision dismissing the complaint of the minor daughter with leave to the plaintiff to plead over.
The plaintiffs in their amended complaint set forth two separate causes of action. The first cause of action is that of Vada Schwenkhoff, the wife of Orville Schwenkhoff, and Lonette Schwenkhoff, his infant daughter, by her guardian ad litem. The second cause of action sets forth that Lonette Schwenkhoff is the infant daughter of Orville Schwenkhoff and realleges, reaffirms, and incorporates the allegations of the first cause of action and then sets forth sec. 9, art. I, sec. 13, art. XIV of the Wisconsin constitution, art. V of the amendments to the United States constitution, sec. 1, art. XIV of the amendments to the United States constitution, and then sets forth that by virtue of the court rulings referred to in the complaint, the minor plaintiff has been and continues to be deprived of all her rights under the Wisconsin and United States constitutions.
The defendants filed identical demurrers to the second cause of action on the ground that it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant Sauk county, and demurred on the further ground that several causes of action had been improperly united. The trial court sustained the demurrers of the defendants, and on October 28, 1959, entered the following order granting the plaintiff the following three alternatives:
"(a) The action may be dismissed as to the plaintiff Lonette Schwenkhoff, and the first cause of action then stand as the pleading in the matter, subject to answer or demurrer as the defendants may elect.
"(b) In addition to (a) set forth above, the plaintiff Lonette Schwenkhoff may submit a proposed amended complaint against the defendant Sauk county alone, and in the event that this alternative is followed, the two actions will then be split and set up as separate lawsuits which will result in an action of Vada Schwenkhoff against Farmers Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Sauk county; and an action of Lonette Schwenkhoff, by guardian ad litem, against Sauk county.
"(c) If plaintiff does not follow either of the foregoing alternatives within thirty days from the date of this order, defendant shall then have the right to move for judgment, and an order will be entered dismissing the action with costs to the defendants."
The order allowed the plaintiff or plaintiffs thirty days within which to file their amended pleadings. The order further provided that if the plaintiffs did not exercise the options extended to them by the court within thirty days, the defendant would have the right to move for dismissing the action with costs.
Forty-four days elapsed after the entry of the order of October 28, 1959, and the plaintiffs not having filed any amended pleadings in the action, the defendants moved for judgment dismissing the action returnable on December 11, 1959. The trial court granted the motion for judgment and judgment was entered on December 11, 1959, dismissing the complaint of the plaintiffs as to both causes of action with costs in the amount of $100 to be paid to each of the defendants by the plaintiffs.
It is from this judgment that the plaintiffs appeal.
The constitutional provisions involved in the second cause of action are as follows:
Sec. 9, art. I of the Wisconsin constitution, provides as follows:
"Every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries, or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character; he ought to obtain justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the laws."
Sec. 13, art. XIV of the Wisconsin constitution, provides as follows:
"Such parts of the common law as are now in force in the territory of Wisconsin, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall be and continue part of the law of this state until altered or suspended by the legislature."
Art. V of the amendments to the United States constitution provides as follows:
"No person shall be . . . deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; . . ."
Sec. 1, art. XIV of the amendments to the United States constitution, provides as follows:
". . . No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; . . ."
This action comes before us a second time. Schwenkhoff v. Farmers Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1959), 6 Wis.2d 44, 93 N.W.2d 867. In that case Mr. Justice BROADFOOT stated:
(p. 45,) "In Wick v. Wick (1927), 192 Wis. 260, 212 N.W. 787, this court determined that an unemancipated minor cannot maintain an action in tort against its parent for personal injury sustained in an automobile accident due to the negligence of the parent. That rule has been consistently followed in this state since that time."
(p. 46.) "A careful reading of the decisions in the cases cited above will show that there has been no relaxation or modification of the rule pronounced in the Wick Case. In some of the decisions attention is called to the fact that the Wick decision was based upon public policy; that matters of public policy are to be resolved by the legislature, and the attention of the legislature was directed to the matter in those decisions. The legislature as late as 1957 failed to enact a bill designed to change the rule."
The 1958-1959 legislature has likewise failed to enact a bill designed to change the rule. This constitutes an expression by the legislature that no change should be made in the rule.
The so-called new allegations contained in the amended complaint recite constitutional provisions which the minor child claims give her a right to maintain a cause of action against her father's automobile insurance company as well as Sauk county. These issues were considered by this court in its decision of January 2, 1959, when it affirmed the order of the trial court dismissing the complaint as to the minor, Lonette Schwenkhoff, with leave to plead over.
The trial court in its order and judgment dismissed both plaintiffs' causes of action against the defendants Farmers Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Sauk county.
The plaintiff, Vada Schwenkhoff, has an action against the Farmers Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Sauk county, and Lonette Schwenkhoff, the minor, has an action against Sauk county. It is our opinion that justice to the parties plaintiff requires the exercise of our discretionary power to reverse that part of the judgment dismissing the complaint of Vada Schwenkhoff against the defendants Farmers Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Sauk county, a municipality, and the action of Lonette Schwenkhoff, by her guardian ad litem Vaughn S. Conway, against Sauk county, a Wisconsin municipality, defendant, and reinstate the three alternatives contained in the trial court's order dated October 28, 1959', plaintiffs to exercise such option within thirty days from the date of the remittitur.
By the Court. — The judgment in so far as it dismisses the complaint of Lonette Schwenkhoff, by her guardian ad litem, against the Farmers Mutual Automobile Insurance Company is affirmed. In all other respects the judgment is reversed, and the trial court is directed to reinstate the three alternatives of its order dated October 28, 1959, plaintiffs to exercise such option within thirty days from the date of the remittitur.
HALLOWS, J., took no part.
The appellants' brief points out that, while our opinion in the first appeal stated that the contention had been raised that sec. 9, art. I, Wisconsin constitution, which provides that every person is entitled to a certain remedy in the laws for all injuries or wrongs that he may receive in his person, governed the plaintiff minor's right to recover, nevertheless such opinion failed to pass on such issue. Again, although the same contention is vigorously advanced on this second appeal, the opinion of the court fails to advance any reason why such contention is not a meritorious one.
The opinion on the first appeal, after making note of the contentions advanced, stated ( 6 Wis.2d 44, 46, 93 N.W.2d 867):
"The subject has received the attention of this court in later cases, among which are Zutter v. O'Connell, 200 Wis. 601, 229 N.W. 74; Segall v. Ohio Casualty Co. 224 Wis. 379, 272 N.W. 665; and Lasecki v. Kabara, 235 Wis. 645, 294 N.W. 33."
None of the three above-cited cases makes any mention sec. 9, art. I, Const. However, Mr. Justice CROWNHART grounded his dissent in Wick v. Wick (1927), 192 Wis. 260, 263, 212 N.W. 787, upon this constitutional provision, but the majority opinion makes no mention of the same. The only reason that comes to mind for such omission in the majority opinion is that the dissent may have been filed after the majority opinion had already been handed down.
While the majority of this court apparently has never directly stated why sec. 9, art. I, Const., does not confer a cause of action upon a minor child to recover for injuries caused by the tort of a parent, there are a number of past decisions of this court which do deal with this constitutional provision, and lay down the principle which governs the instant appeal.
In the recent case of Firemen's Ins. Co. v. Washburn County (1957), 2 Wis.2d 214, 85 N.W.2d 840, the argument was advanced that this same constitutional provision abolished the common-law immunity of all governmental units from liability for negligence. After citing and considering the earlier Wisconsin cases bearing on the application of sec. 9, art. I, Const., we concluded that such provision must be construed in the light of the common law as it stood at the time of the adoption of the constitution in 1848. It was held that the framers of the constitution in drafting sec. 9, art. I, had no thought in mind of thereby abolishing an immunity from suit that then existed. While in Firemen's Ins. Co. v. Washburn County, supra, we were dealing with the tort immunity of governmental units, the same reasoning is equally applicable to the immunity from suit for negligence of a parent for injuries caused his child. See also McCoy v. Kenosha County (1928), 195 Wis. 273, 218 N.W. 348, 57 A.L.R. 412.
We note that the legislature at its 1959 session refused to enact a statute abolishing the immunity of a parent to respond in damages to a child injured through the wrongful act of the parent. Bill 250, A., was introduced in the assembly, and Bill 89, S., was introduced in the senate, to accomplish such result. Each was accorded the fate of indefinite postponement by the house in which it originated. This further definite expression of legislative action is controlling upon this court in a policy matter of this kind. As we pointed out in Scholberg v. Itnyre (1953), 264 Wis. 211, 58 N.W.2d 698, the creation of new causes of action in behalf of children presents a question of policy which properly lies within the province of the legislature and not this court.
I am authorized to state that Mr. Justice BROWN joins in this concurring opinion.