Summary
In Sawyer v. DeKalb Med. Center, 234 Ga. App. 54, 55(1) (506 S.E.2d 197) (1998), we later recognized that the General Assembly amended OCGA § 9-11-9.1 in 1989 to carve out an exception to Patterson.
Summary of this case from Chatham Orthopaedic Surg. Ctr. v. Alliance HospOpinion
A98A1114.
DECIDED AUGUST 20, 1998.
Medical malpractice. DeKalb State Court. Before Judge McLaughlin.
Joseph H. King, Jr., for appellant.
Love Willingham, Jonathan C. Peters, Sullivan, Hall, Booth Smith, Terrance C. Sullivan, Kevin P. Race, Thomas A. Graham, Elaine W. Whitehurst, for appellee.
After being admitted to DeKalb Medical Center ("DMC"), Horace K. Sawyer developed respiratory complications and died. Shortly before the expiration of the two-year statute of limitations (OCGA § 9-3-71 (a)), Mrs. Sawyer sued DMC for medical malpractice and attached the affidavit of Dr. Bryant, who swore that DMC's medical personnel committed at least four acts of negligence. Almost a year later DMC deposed Dr. Bryant, who could not confirm the acts of negligence set forth in the affidavit. Mrs. Sawyer subsequently dismissed the action and within six months refiled in April 1997, this time attaching an affidavit from another physician.
DMC moved for summary judgment, arguing that Dr. Bryant's deposition testimony vitiated his affidavit attached to the original complaint, which in turn rendered that action void under OCGA § 9-11-9.1. DMC reasoned that a void suit could not sustain the renewal action, and thus the running of the statute of limitations required summary judgment. The court agreed.
1. OCGA § 9-2-61 (a) provides that when a plaintiff voluntarily dismisses a timely filed suit, she may within six months refile that suit in a Georgia state court, even though the statute of limitations has run by the time she files the renewal action. Even if the first suit was defective, "[u]nless the case is an absolute nullity, the defective or improper suit may be used to nurse the cause of action into full life in the proper form and forum."
Atlanta c. R. Co. v. Wilson, 119 Ga. 781, 786 ( 47 S.E. 366) (1904).
Since 1987 plaintiffs bringing a medical malpractice action have been required to file with the complaint an affidavit of a competent expert that sets forth at least one negligent act or omission and the factual basis for such. Failure to do so subjects the action to dismissal for failure to state a claim.
OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a); see Ga. L. 1987, pp. 887, 889-890, § 3.
Lutz v. Foran, 262 Ga. 819, 824 (4) ( 427 S.E.2d 248) (1993).
In Patterson v. Douglas Women's Center, P.C. the plaintiff failed to file an affidavit with her medical malpractice complaint. After the statute of limitations expired, she voluntarily dismissed and refiled within three months. The trial court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment, holding that the failure to comply with OCGA § 9-11-9.1 rendered the initial action void and incapable of renewal under OCGA § 9-2-61 (a). The decision was reversed.
258 Ga. 803 ( 374 S.E.2d 737) (1989).
Patterson held that OCGA § 9-2-61 "is remedial and is to be construed liberally. The `privilege' of dismissal and renewal does not apply to cases decided on their merits or to void cases, but does allow renewal if the previous action was merely voidable." Patterson construed the failure to file the section 9-11-9.1 affidavit as rendering the complaint voidable, not void, and reversed summary judgment. The affidavit is not intrinsic to the claim but is required for the benefit of defendant, so if defendant does not insist on it the suit can still be tried on its merits. The suit is not lacking an essential element of such a cause of action, any more than it would if the affidavit was somehow defective or inadequate within its four corners and defendant did not challenge it. The lack of legal perfection would be waived. Thus, under Patterson DMC's arguments fail, for even if Dr. Bryant's affidavit were deemed invalid, the failure to file any affidavit at all in the first action would not preclude a renewal action with the proper affidavit.
Id. at 804 (3); see Hobbs v. Arthur, 264 Ga. 359, 360 ( 444 S.E.2d 322) (1994).
258 Ga. at 804 (4).
Within months of the Patterson decision, the General Assembly added subsection (f) to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 to carve out an exception to Patterson: "If a plaintiff fails to file an affidavit as required by this Code section and the defendant raises the failure to file such an affidavit in its initial responsive pleading, such complaint shall not be subject to the renewal provisions of Code Section 9-2-61 after the expiration of the applicable period of limitation," unless plaintiff simply failed to attach an existing affidavit to the complaint by mistake.
Ga. L. 1989, pp. 419, 421-422, § 3. In 1997, the General Assembly amended this subsection, which amendment does not apply to actions filed before July 1, 1997. Ga. L. 1997, pp. 916-917, 919, §§ 1, 2.
Subsection (f) does not apply to Sawyer's case. When DMC moved for summary judgment, the only evidence or pleadings it filed from the previous action were the complaint, Dr. Bryant's affidavit, and Dr. Bryant's deposition. DMC provided no evidence nor argument that in its initial responsive pleading in the previous action it raised the failure to file a proper affidavit. It is unlikely DMC initially raised any such defense since DMC admits that Dr. Bryant's affidavit per se was sufficient under OCGA § 9-11-9.1 and that it was only Dr. Bryant's subsequent deposition testimony that rendered it defective by comparison. Movant DMC bore the burden of indisputably establishing that under OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (f) it was entitled to summary judgment, and it failed to do so.
See Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 ( 405 S.E.2d 474) (1991).
2. Even if DMC had shown it raised the issue in its initial responsive pleading in the prior action, DMC's position is not tenable. Mrs. Sawyer was required to file "an affidavit of an expert competent to testify, which affidavit shall set forth specifically at least one negligent act or omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim." DMC concedes these requirements were met: Dr. Bryant was qualified to testify, he personally swore before a notary public to the truth of the statements contained in the affidavit he (not the lawyers) drafted, and he specified the factual basis for four separate acts of negligence by DMC medical personnel.
See Carnes v. Carnes, 138 Ga. 1, 6 (3) ( 74 S.E. 785) (1912) ("[i]n order to make an affidavit, there must be present the officer, the affiant, and the paper, and there must be something done which amounts to the administration of an oath") Schmidt v. Feldman, 230 Ga. App. 500, 501 (1) ( 497 S.E.2d 23) (1998) (same); Crook v. Funk, 214 Ga. App. 213, 214-215 (1) ( 447 S.E.2d 60) (1994) (need only specify factual basis for one act of negligence).
DMC contends that Dr. Bryant's subsequent deposition testimony voided the affidavit and consequently the complaint. DMC reasons that under Prophecy Corp. v. Charles Rossignol, Inc., Dr. Bryant's affidavit must be construed against Mrs. Sawyer because he could not confirm the acts of negligence set forth in the affidavit.
256 Ga. 27 ( 343 S.E.2d 680) (1986).
DMC's reasoning misapprehends the law in at least three respects. First, "[t]he purpose of OCGA § 9-11-9.1 is to reduce the number of frivolous malpractice suits being filed, not to require a plaintiff to prove a prima facie case entitling him to recover and capable of withstanding a motion for summary judgment before the defendant need file his answer. OCGA § 9-11-9.1 merely imposes an initial pleading requirement on the plaintiff. Pleading rules apply when addressing whether a plaintiff's action is subject to dismissal under OCGA § 9-11-12(b)(6); for a complaint to be subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim, the affidavit must disclose with certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts. A Section 9-11-9.1 affidavit should be construed most favorably to the plaintiff and all doubts should be resolved in plaintiff's favor, even if an unfavorable construction of the affidavit may be possible, so long as such construction does not detract from the purpose of § 9-11-9.1 of reducing the number of frivolous malpractice suits." Reversing the trial court's summary judgment for defendant, Fidelity Enterprises v. Beltran applied these principles in the context of a renewal action to hold valid the affidavit filed in the original action.
(Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Lee v. Visiting Nurse Health System c., 223 Ga. App. 305, 306 ( 477 S.E.2d 445) (1996) see Hewett v. Kalish, 264 Ga. 183, 184 (1) ( 442 S.E.2d 233) (1994); Gadd v. Wilson Co., 262 Ga. 234, 235 ( 416 S.E.2d 285) (1992).
214 Ga. App. 205 ( 447 S.E.2d 150) (1994).
Second, "[t]he rule in Prophecy Corp. v. Charles Rossignol, Inc., 256 Ga. 27, 28 (1) ( 343 S.E.2d 680) (1986) — that a party/witness' testimony is to be construed against him when self-contradictory — does not apply to the testimony of a third-party witness." Dr. Bryant was a third party to the action between Mrs. Sawyer and DMC. Finally, even ignoring that impediment, Prophecy Corp. does not require us to construe Dr. Bryant's affidavit against Mrs. Sawyer. Prophecy Corp. set forth the rule that on summary judgment "the testimony of a party who offers himself as a witness in his own behalf is to be construed most strongly against him when it is contradictory, vague or equivocal."
Allen v. King Plow Co., 227 Ga. App. 795, 799 (4) ( 490 S.E.2d 457) (1997); see Miller v. Douglas, 235 Ga. 222, 223 ( 219 S.E.2d 144) (1975).
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) 256 Ga. at 30.
The validity of an affidavit for section 9-11-9.1 purposes is not a summary judgment question; it is a motion to dismiss question. "Unlike OCGA § 9-11-56, which imposes an evidentiary requirement in the context of summary judgment on the merits, OCGA § 9-11-9.1 merely imposes an initial pleading requirement on the plaintiff in a malpractice action. Accordingly, an expert affidavit which would be insufficient to satisfy the evidentiary standards of OCGA § 9-11-56 may nevertheless be sufficient to satisfy the pleading standards of OCGA § 9-11-9.1." Unlike Prophecy Corp., the affidavit is to be construed favorably to the plaintiff.
(Citations omitted; emphasis in original.) Bowen v. Adams, 203 Ga. App. 123 ( 416 S.E.2d 102) (1992); see Dozier v. Clayton County Hosp. Auth., 206 Ga. App. 62, 66 (4) ( 424 S.E.2d 632) (1992) ("[a]n expert affidavit, submitted by plaintiffs, has a `lesser evidentiary standard to meet when used to fulfill the requirement of OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a),' than when also relied upon as expert testimony to create genuine issues of material fact in the disposition of a motion for summary judgment") (citation omitted).
Bowen, 203 Ga. App. at 123-124.
The Prophecy Corp. rule also does not apply because in determining the sufficiency of an affidavit under OCGA § 9-11-9.1, "consideration of essential evidentiary matters not included in the affidavit is improper." We "limit our consideration to the four corners of the affidavit." The question is whether the affidavit as filed is sufficient under OCGA § 9-11-9.1, not whether the affiant will repeat that testimony a year later in a deposition.
HCA Health Svcs. of Ga. v. Hampshire, 206 Ga. App. 108, 110 (2) ( 424 S.E.2d 293) (1992).
Deal v. Handson, 210 Ga. App. 499, 500 (1) ( 436 S.E.2d 519) (1993), rev'd on other grounds, Handson v. HCA Health Svcs. of Ga., 264 Ga. 293 ( 443 S.E.2d 831) (1994).
The court erred in granting summary judgment to DMC.
Judgment reversed. Pope, P.J., and Ruffin, J., concur.