Summary
upholding the trial court's denial of a petition for a writ of mandamus brought to force local officials to file an illegal exaction suit to recover the compensation paid to a university professor appointed to the county board of election commissioners after the trial court found the professor ineligible under Art. 3, § 10 and the professor resigned before judgment was entered
Summary of this case from Opinion No. 2005-232Opinion
94-1434
Opinion delivered May 22, 1995
1. MANDAMUS — DISCRETIONARY REMEDY — WHEN APPROPRIATE. — Mandamus is an appropriate remedy when a public officer is called upon to do a plain and specific duty, which is required by law, and which requires no exercise of discretion or official judgment; however, a writ of mandamus is a discretionary remedy which will be issued only when the petitioner has shown a clear and certain legal right to the relief sought and there is no other adequate remedy; the writ of mandamus will not lie to control or review matters of discretion; it will lie only to compel the exercise of that discretion. 2. MANDAMUS — TRIAL COURT'S RULING THAT MANDAMUS WOULD NOT LIE AFFIRMED — PARTIES HAD DISCRETION ON THE FILING OF LAWSUIT. — The trial court's ruling that mandamus would not lie was affirmed because both the county judge and the prosecuting attorney had discretion in the filing of a lawsuit such as the one at issue; they had discretion to decide whether an attempt to recover the funds would be prudent—whether the cost of such a suit might exceed the amount of the recovery; the county judge and prosecuting attorney were required to weigh precedents of similar situations; they were also required to weigh the application of the statute of limitations; the county judge and the prosecuting attorney had discretion to determine whether it was prudent to file the suit, and, accordingly, the denial of the writs of mandamus was affirmed. 3. COURTS — SUPREME COURT DOES NOT ISSUE ADVISORY OPINIONS — ANY RULING ABOUT AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES WOULD BE ADVISORY. — The trial judge ruled that affirmative defenses were not available in illegal exaction suits, and this ruling was assigned as error on cross-appeal; however, the court did not reach the assignment because, even though this was the third appeal of this case, no one had yet sought to recover the compensation illegally paid to the appellees, and, consequently, they had not pleaded any affirmative defenses to such a claim; therefore, any ruling about affirmative defenses would be advisory; it is well settled that the court does not issue advisory opinions. 4. TRIAL — TRIAL JUDGE'S RULING ON AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES ADVISORY ONLY. — Because of the unconventional proceedings to date, and to prevent a possible injustice, the court held that the trial judge's ruling on affirmative defenses by the appellee board members was advisory only, and because the court did not reach the issue, would not be binding upon the parties if this action is pursued further.
Appeal from Washington Circuit Court, Second Division; Donald R. Huffman, Judge.
Donald C. Donner, for appellants and cross-appellees.
George E. Butler, Washington County City Att'y, for appellees and cross-appellants.
Winston Bryant, Att'y Gen., by: Patricia Van Ausdall, Asst. Att'y Gen., for appellees.
Budd Saunders filed this suit seeking a declaratory judgment that defendants Steven Neuse and Jerome J. Paddock, Jr. were ineligible to serve on the Washington County Board of Election Commissioners. The gravamen of count one of the complaint was that article 3, section 10 of the Constitution of Arkansas provides that no election officer shall hold any office or employment in state or city government and that Neuse was a professor at the University of Arkansas and Paddock was the City Attorney for the City of West Fork.
In the second count of his complaint Saunders asked that, after Neuse and Paddock were declared ineligible to serve on the Board, the circuit court remove them from office, rule that any compensation paid to them constituted an illegal exaction, and issue a writ of mandamus compelling the Washington County Judge, Charles Johnson, and the Prosecuting Attorney, Terry Jones, to institute an action for the recovery of all compensation paid to Neuse and Paddock for their service on the Board.
Both Neuse and Paddock resigned from the Board before judgment was rendered. The circuit judge entered judgment declaring that Neuse and Paddock were prohibited by Article 10, section 3 from serving on the Board. The circuit judge did not address the moot issue of removal, but ruled that the compensation paid to Neuse and Paddock constituted an illegal exaction and that there were no affirmative defenses to an illegal exaction. The trial court refused to issue the writs of mandamus commanding the county judge and prosecuting attorney to file suit to collect the compensation paid.
Saunders appeals from that part of the order refusing to issue the writs of mandamus. Neuse, the county judge, the county treasurer, and Paddock, the third member of the Board, cross-appeal from that part of the ruling providing there are no affirmative defenses to an action for an illegal exaction. We affirm on direct appeal, and dismiss the cross-appeal.
The proceedings in this case are enigmatic. In the first proceeding the circuit court dismissed a taxpayer's petition for a writ of mandamus. The taxpayer appealed. We affirmed because of a flagrantly deficient abstract. Edwards v. Neuse, 312 Ark. 302, 849 S.W.2d 479 (1993). A second suit was filed, but the taxpayer failed to name the appropriate parties, failed to fully develop the issues, and obtained a ruling on only one of the multiple issues. We affirmed. Morgan v. Neuse, 314 Ark. 4, 857 S.W.2d 826 (1993). This was the third time a taxpayer's suit involving this same issue was filed. In this suit the taxpayer did not ask that Neuse and Paddock be required to reimburse Washington County for an illegal exaction. Rather, the taxpayer sought writs of mandamus that would compel the county judge and the prosecuting attorney to file the illegal exaction suits against Neuse and Paddock. It is from the denial of those writs that the taxpayer files his direct appeal.
In order to prevent any confusion, we note that the taxpayer could have filed the illegal exaction suit directly against Neuse and Paddock. See Ark. Const. art. 16, § 13. It was not necessary to seek the writs of mandamus commanding the county judge and prosecuting attorney to file the suit. In Samples v. Grady, 207 Ark. 724, 182 S.W.2d 875 (1944), we held that the refusal of the prosecuting attorney to bring a suit on behalf of the taxpayers was not a condition precedent to the exercise of that right by a citizen. We wrote that Ark. Const. art. 16, § 13 is self-executing and imposes no terms or conditions upon the right of the citizen to file suit to prevent an illegal exaction.
I.
The Direct Appeal
In his points of appeal, the taxpayer argues that the trial court erred in refusing to issue the writs of mandamus commanding the county judge and prosecuting attorney to file suit against Neuse and Paddock. Mandamus is an appropriate remedy when a public officer is called upon to do a plain and specific duty, which is required by law, and which requires no exercise of discretion or official judgment. State v. Grimmett, 292 Ark. 523, 525, 731 S.W.2d 207, 208 (1987). However, a writ of mandamus is a discretionary remedy which will be issued only when the petitioner has shown a clear and certain legal right to the relief sought and there is no other adequate remedy. Id. at 525, 731 S.W.2d at 208. The writ of mandamus will not lie to control or review matters of discretion; it will lie only to compel the exercise of that discretion. Thompson v. Erwin, 310 Ark. 522, 838 S.W.2d 353 (1992) (citing Eason v. Erwin, 300 Ark. 384, 781 S.W.2d 21 (1989)).
In the case at bar the trial court ruled that mandamus would not lie. We affirm the ruling because both the county judge and the prosecuting attorney have discretion in the filing of a lawsuit such as the one at issue. They must exercise discretion in deciding whether an attempt to recover the funds would be prudent — whether the cost of such a suit might exceed the amount of the recovery. The county judge and prosecuting attorney are required to weigh cases such as Martindale v. Honey, 261 Ark. 708, 551 S.W.2d 202 (1977), where we held that a county was not entitled to a windfall and that a dual office holder was not required to account for compensation, when the dual officeholder performed the duties of the other office in good faith. Similarly, they must weigh the application of a case where we held that amounts unlawfully appropriated, but well spent, were not recoverable in a taxpayer's suit for the return of compensation unlawfully paid to a road commissioner. Ward v. Farrell, 221 Ark. 363, 253 S.W.2d 353 (1952). They would also be required to weigh the application of a statute of limitations, for we have applied a statute of limitations to claims of illegal exaction. Baker v. Allen, 204 Ark. 818, 164 S.W.2d 1004 (1942). In summary, the county judge and the prosecuting attorney have discretion to determine whether it is prudent to file the suit, and, accordingly, we affirm the denial of the writs of mandamus.
II.
The Cross-Appeal
[3, 4] The trial judge additionally ruled that affirmative defenses are not available in illegal exaction suits, and this ruling is assigned as error on cross-appeal. We do not reach the assignment because, even though this is the third appeal of this case, no one has yet sought to recover the compensation illegally paid to Neuse or Paddock, and, consequently, they have not pleaded any affirmative defenses to such a claim. Therefore, any ruling about affirmative defenses would be advisory. It is well settled that we do not issue advisory opinions. Walker v. McCuen, 318 Ark. 508, 886 S.W.2d 577 (1994). However, because of the unconventional proceedings to date, because Neuse and Paddock were made parties to this proceeding but no relief was asked from them, and because the trial judge ruled that no affirmative defenses are available, we understand cross-appellants' dilemma. They may wish to plead an affirmative defense if this action is pursued in the future, and they do not want to be bound by law of the case. To prevent a possible injustice, we hold that the trial judge's ruling on affirmative defenses by Neuse and Paddock was advisory only, and because we do not reach the issue, is not binding upon the parties if this action is pursued further. Accordingly, we dismiss the cross-appeal.