Opinion
44124 Record No. 790758.
June 12, 1981
Present: Carrico, C.J., Cochran, Compton, Stephenson, JJ., and Harman, S.J.
Questions under Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.) are to be analyzed following federal interpretation of statute rather than state common law negligence principles; contributory negligence and assumption of risk no defense to employer; employee can establish negligence by circumstantial evidence; railroad must assign employees to work to which reasonably suited and breaches duty if it knows or should know that assignment exposes employee to unreasonable risk of harm; Jury question presented and Trial Court's grant of motion to strike was error.
(1) Public Service Companies — Rail Carriers — Negligence — Statutory Construction [Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.)] — Negligence Questions Federal in Character and Decided by Federal rather than Common Law Principles.
(2) Public Service Companies — Rail Carriers — Negligence — Statutory Construction [Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.)] — Contributory Negligence or Assumption of Risk cannot be raised as Defense — Evidence — Employee can Prove Employer's Negligence Entirely by Circumstantial Evidence.
(3) Public Service Companies — Rail Carriers — Negligence — Evidence — Questions of Fact under Federal Employers' Liability Act Should be Resolved by Jury — Trial Court Erred in Granting Motion to Strike.
(4) Public Service Companies — Rail Carriers — Negligence — Statutory Construction [Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.)] — Railroad has Duty to Assign Employees to Work for which They are Reasonably Suited — Carrier Breaches Duty if it Knew or Should Know that Assignment Exposed Employee to Unreasonable Risk of Harm.
At the time he was allegedly injured, Sabb was employed as a laborer by the defendant railroad carrier. While dumping a load of debris from his wheelbarrow, Sabb slipped. The metal pipe handle of the wheelbarrow struck him in the right side of his chest and knocked him down. Sabb stated that the overloading of the wheelbarrow by co-workers was primarily responsible for his fall, and that the co-workers had ignored his request to stop the over-loading. Later that month, Sabb reluctantly performed two other tasks after unsuccessfully protesting to his supervisor that the tasks were physically impossible because of his earlier chest injury. Sabb claimed that these tasks exacerbated the injury from the wheelbarrow and sued under the Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.). The Trial Court sustained defendant employer's motion to strike on the ground that Sabb had produced no evidence of defendant's negligence. Sabb appeals.
1. Questions arising under Federal Employers' Liability Act ( 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.) are federal in character, even though the action is brought in a state court. These questions are analyzed according to the terms of the FELA as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court, rather than under common law principles pertaining to ordinary negligence.
2. A railroad carrier cannot raise contributory negligence or assumption of the risk as a bar to liability under FELA, 45 U.S.C. § 53, 54. The carrier is liable whenever an employee's injury results in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of the carrier, 45 U.S.C. § 51. In carrying his burden of producing evidence of employer negligence, an employee can rely entirely upon circumstantial evidence.
3. In deciding whether the Trial Court erred in sustaining defendant employer's motion to strike on the ground that plaintiff employee produced no evidence of employer's negligence, the evidence is viewed in a manner most favorable to the plaintiff. Here, the Trial Court erred in granting the motion. Questions whether or not the employee's testimony is credible; whether a fellow employee's action resulted in injury; and whether a doctor's diagnosis is accurate are factual questions to be resolved by a Jury.
4. A railroad has a duty to assign its employees to work for which they are reasonably suited. A carrier breaches that duty if it knew or should have known that its assignment exposed the employee to an unreasonable risk of harm. A Jury question is presented when, as here, the employee's evidence tends to prove that his supervisor was aware of his physical condition but nevertheless insisted that he complete tasks which the employee believed were too physically demanding.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Portsmouth. Hon. William H. Oast, Jr., judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Walton G. Bondurant, Jr. (Richard S. Young, on brief), for appellant.
John E. Clarkson (James C. Howell; Willcox, Savage, Lawrence, Dickson Spindle, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
In this action governed by the terms of the Federal Employers' Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq., the sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in sustaining defendant's motion to strike, made after plaintiff's case-in-chief, on the ground that plaintiff had produced no evidence that defendant was negligent.
Under familiar principles applicable where a trial court has granted a motion to strike the plaintiff's evidence, we state the evidence in a manner most favorable to the plaintiff. At the time he was allegedly injured, David Sabb, the plaintiff, was employed as a laborer by the Norfolk and Portsmouth Belt Line Railroad Co. On January 12, 1976, he was assigned to a crew working on a portion of railroad track crossing a highway in Portsmouth. This crew was responsible for clearing out mud, rock and debris under the rails. Sabb's task that day was to take wet rocks and dirt others had loaded in his wheelbarrow to a "hill" two feet high, where he was to dump the load. While dumping a load, he slipped; the metal pipe handle of the wheelbarrow struck him in the right side of his chest and knocked him down. According to Sabb, the wheelbarrow had been overloaded by workers who were laughing and were indifferent to the amount of effort Sabb would have to use in unloading the wheelbarrow's contents. Sabb stated that the overloading of the wheelbarrow was primarily responsible for his fall. He had requested the workers to stop overloading the wheelbarrow, but they continued laughing and refused to heed his request.
Later that month, Sabb was assigned to use a jackhammer at another crossing. After initially protesting the task as physically impossible for him to complete because of his earlier chest injury, Sabb agreed to use the jackhammer after his superior told him that he either had to use it or go home. Sabb claimed his use of the jackhammer exacerbated the injury he had allegedly sustained when the wheelbarrow hit his chest.
On January 31, 1976, Sabb informed his supervisor that his injuries precluded him from assisting in the unloading of a carload of railroad ties. Sabb nevertheless performed this work assignment after his supervisor told him, "[i]f you can't go in it [the railroad car], get your bucket and go down the road." According to Sabb, the supervisor's statement meant that he would be fired if he refused to assist in unloading the railroad ties.
Subsequently, Sabb requested and received a two-day vacation in which to recuperate. On February 3, 1976, he was in such pain that his wife took him to a hospital for medical treatment. During the period of his hospitalization, Sabb was treated by Dr. Robert W. Frye. Frye testified that the medical testing he performed revealed no objective symptoms of injury but that, by the time of Sabb's discharge from the hospital, he had concluded, on the basis of the pain's location and intensity, that Sabb had a "chest wall injury with probable separation" or fracture of the place where the rib and the breast bone meet. He believed this injury was related to the injury Sabb sustained on January 12.
[1-2] Because questions concerning the Federal Employers' Liability Act (FELA) are federal in character, even though the action is brought in a state court, see, e.g., Norfolk Western Railway Co. v. Liepelt, 444 U.S. 490, 493 (1980), we analyze the merits of this appeal according to the terms of the FELA as it has been interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States, rather than looking to common-law principles governing ordinary negligence actions. Under the FELA, a railroad carrier cannot raise contributory negligence or assumption of the risk as a bar to liability. 45 U.S.C. §§ 53, 54. The carrier is liable whenever an employee's injury results "in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees" of the carrier. 45 U.S.C. § 51. The Supreme Court has held that "the test of a jury case is simply whether the proofs justify with reason the conclusion that employer negligence played any part, even the slightest, in producing the injury or death for which damages are sought." Rogers v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 352 U.S. 500, 506 (1957). In meeting his burden of producing evidence of employer negligence, an employee can rely entirely upon circumstantial evidence. Id. at 508. Moreover, a railroad worker may recover damages from his employer for injuries caused in whole or in part by a fellow worker. Sinkler v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 356 U.S. 326, 330 (1958). Accord, Shenker v. Baltimore Ohio Railroad Co., 374 U.S. 1, 11 (1963). The rationale underlying such liability is not that the employer himself is to blame, but that "justice demands that one who gives his labor to the furtherance of the enterprise should be assured that all combining their exertions with him in the common pursuit will conduct themselves in all respects with sufficient care that his safety while doing his part will not be endangered." Sinkler, 356 U.S. at 330.
After reviewing the evidence produced by Sabb, we conclude the trial court erred in granting the railroad carrier's motion to strike the evidence. Sabb testified that his fellow workers overloaded his wheelbarrow despite his request that they not do so. Dr. Frye testified that the wheelbarrow incident was related to the injury he diagnosed during Sabb's hospitalization. Whether or not Sabb's testimony was credible, whether the overloading of the wheelbarrow resulted in an injury, and whether Dr. Frye's diagnosis was accurate are factual questions to be resolved by a jury.
We also believe that Sabb's supervisor's orders that Sabb perform physically demanding tasks, even after Sabb had told his supervisor that his earlier injury precluded him from performing the work, might likewise support a finding of negligence by the carrier under the less stringent standard imposed by the FELA. A railroad has a duty to assign its employees to work for which they are reasonably suited. A carrier breaches that duty if it knew or should have known that its assignment exposed the employee to an unreasonable risk of harm. Fletcher v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 621 F.2d 902, 909 (8th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 101 S.Ct. 918 (1981). The Supreme Court has held that a jury question is presented when a worker, told by her supervisor not to request additional help in unloading mail, injures her back while attempting to perform a physically demanding task. Thomson v. Texas Pacific Railway Co., 353 U.S. 926 (1957). Moreover, when there are alternative methods for completing a task, a jury question concerning employer negligence is presented when a worker, after protesting an assignment as too physically demanding, injures himself while attempting to complete the task after being told "If you can't pull any harder I will get somebody that will." Stone v. New York, Chicago St. Louis Railroad Co., 344 U.S. 407, 408 (1953). Accord, Blair v. Baltimore Ohio Railroad Co., 323 U.S. 600, 603 (1945). See also Davis v. Virginian Railway Co., 361 U.S. 354 (1960) (supervisor's command to complete a task faster than usual and with inexperienced assistance creates a jury question). Likewise, if a plaintiff can prove that the railroad carrier "forced a sick employee, of whose illness [it] knew or should have known, into work for which he was unfitted because of his condition, a case is made out for the jury under the Federal Employers' Liability Act." Nuttall v. Reading Co., 235 F.2d 546, 549 (3d Cir. 1956). Accord, Louisville Nashville Railroad Co. v. Bayles, 275 Ala. 206, 209, 153 So.2d 639, 642 (1963); Waller v. Southern Pacific Co., 66 Cal.2d 201, 214, 424 P.2d 937, 946, 57 Cal.Rptr. 353, 362 (1967). Sabb's evidence tended to prove that his supervisor was aware of his impaired physical condition but nevertheless insisted that he complete tasks which Sabb believed were too physically demanding. If the jury accepted Sabb's testimony as accurate, it could conclude that the railroad carrier had been negligent under the standard set by the FELA.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.