JOHN E. STEELE, SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Brian J. Perkins, Pro Hac Vice, Diana Yastrovskaya, Pro Hac Vice, Michael A. London, Pro Hac Vice, Douglas & London, PC, New York, NY, Sharon M. Hanlon, Zelman & Hanlon, PA, Naples, FL, Yale T. Freeman, PA, for Plaintiffs.

Cristobal Antonio Casal, Conroy Simberg, Kenneth Michael Oliver, Kubicki Draper, Gordon R. Duncan, Duncan & Tardif, PA, Geraldo F. Olivo, III, Henderson Franklin Starnes & Holt, Fort Myers, FL, Michelle Zeiger, Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP, Daniel J. Santaniello, Luks, Santaniello, Petrillo & Jones, LLC, J. Marcos Martinez, Wadsworth, Margrey & Dixon, LLP, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Gregory David Jones, John Guyton, A.C., III, Rywant, Alvarez, Jones, Russo & Guyton PA, Gainesville, FL, Amanda Reagan, J. Trumon Phillips, DLA Piper US, LLP, Daniel Ari Shapiro, Dennis Michael Arendall, Jr., Cole, Scott, & Kissane, PA, Andrew Frank Russo, William Dennis, Rywant Alvarez Jones Russo & Guyton, Tampa, FL, Fredrick H. L. McClure, DLA Piper US, LLP, Christopher W. Wadsworth, Wadsworth, Margrey & Dixon LLP, Miami, FL, Christyna M. Torrez, J. Michael Coleman, Coleman, Hazzard & Taylor, PA, Donald Grayson Peterson, Yarnell & Peterson PA, Naples, FL, Ellen E. Dew, Pro Hac Vice, Michael P. O'Day, Pro Hac Vice, Michael Bakhama, DLA Piper LLP, Baltimore, MD, Kyle A. Diamantas, Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, PC, Orlando, FL, Samuel L. Felker, Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, PC, Nashville, TN, Sara M. Turner, Pro Hac Vice, Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz PC, Birmingham, AL, Grant Edward Lavelle Schnell, John M. Hamrick, Pro Hac Vice, Holland & Knight, LLP, Atlanta, GA, Michael Anthony Holtmann, Wicker, Smith, O'Hara, McCoy & Ford, PA, Coral Gables, FL, William Newton Shepherd, Holland & Knight, LLP, West Palm Beach, FL, David S. Sager, Pro Hac Vice, DLA Piper LLP, Short Hills, NJ, Brooke E. Beebe, Cole, Scott & Kissane, PA, Bonita Springs, FL, David P. Fraser, David P. Fraser, Esq., Mount Clemens, MI, for Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN E. STEELE, SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE This matter comes before the Court on review of defendant Choice Hotels International, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, or in the alternative, To Sever and Strike and Memorandum in Support (Doc. #149) filed on May 13, 2020. Plaintiffs filed a Memorandum of Law in Opposition (Doc. #158) on June 5, 2020, and defendant filed a Reply (Doc. #174) on June 19, 2020. For the reasons that follow, the motion is granted in part and denied in part.

I.

Plaintiffs S.Y. and C.S. allege they were victims of sex trafficking from 2013 to 2106 at various hotels. (Doc. #85, ¶¶ 5, 10, 93-114.) The defendants in this case are the alleged hotel owners, operators, and/or franchisees of the properties where the trafficking occurred. (Id. ¶¶ 6-13, 93-114.) One such defendant is Choice Hotels International, Inc., ("Choice") who is alleged to do business as Quality Inn and Comfort Inn & Executive Suites. (Id. ¶¶ 27-29.)

The operative pleading before the Court is the Second Amended Complaint, which asserts ten claims on behalf of each plaintiff against each defendant. (Doc. #85.) The ten claims are as follows: (1) violation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 ("TVPRA"), 18 U.S.C. § 1595 ; (2) violation of section 772.104, Florida Statutes ; (3) premise liability; (4) breach of contract; (5) negligent hiring, entrustment and supervision; (6) negligent rescue; (7) unjust enrichment; (8) aiding and abetting, harboring, confining, coercion and criminal enterprise; (9) negligent infliction of emotional distress; and (10) assault, battery and kidnapping offenses. (Id. pp. 93-111.)

On May 13, 2020, Choice filed the motion to dismiss currently before the Court. (Doc. #149.) In the motion, Choice argues (1) the Second Amended Complaint should either be dismissed as a shotgun pleading or certain paragraphs therein should be stricken, (2) plaintiffs are improperly joined together in this matter, and (3) plaintiffs fail to state a cause of action for each of the claims asserted against Choice. (Id. pp. 17-50.) Because the Court ultimately determines the Second Amended Complaint will be dismissed with leave to amend and file additional cases, only some of these arguments will be addressed at this time. II.

A. Failure to State a Claim

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a complaint must contain a "short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This obligation "requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (citation omitted). To survive dismissal, the factual allegations must be "plausible" and "must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 ; see also Edwards v. Prime Inc., 602 F.3d 1276, 1291 (11th Cir. 2010). This requires "more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citations omitted).

In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all factual allegations in a complaint as true and take them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007), but "[l]egal conclusions without adequate factual support are entitled to no assumption of truth," Mamani v. Berzain, 654 F.3d 1148, 1153 (11th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted). "Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Factual allegations that are merely consistent with a defendant's liability fall short of being facially plausible. Chaparro v. Carnival Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). Thus, the Court engages in a two-step approach: "When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937.

In its motion, Choice argues all ten of the claims asserted against it in the Second Amended Complaint fail to state a claim and must be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6). (Doc. #149, pp. 22-50.) In response, plaintiffs agree to withdraw six of the claims against Choice, but oppose dismissal of the remaining four. (Doc. #158, pp. 5-6.) At this time, the Court will only address the arguments as they relate to the only claim upon which federal jurisdiction is founded, the assertion that Choice violated the TVPRA.

The TVPRA is a criminal statute that also provides a civil remedy to victims of sex trafficking. Section 1591 of the Act imposes criminal liability for sex trafficking, while section 1595 provides the following civil remedy:

(a) An individual who is a victim of a violation of this chapter may bring a civil action against the perpetrator (or whoever knowingly benefits, financially or by receiving anything of value from participation in a venture which that person knew or should have known has engaged in an act in violation of this chapter) in an appropriate district court of the United States and may recover damages and reasonable attorneys fees.

18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). To state a claim under a section 1595(a) beneficiary theory, plaintiffs must allege facts to plausibly infer the defendant (1)" knowingly benefit[ted] financially or by receiving anything of value," (2) from participation in a venture, (3) it "knew or should have known has engaged in" sex trafficking under section 1591. A.B. v. Marriott Int'l, Inc., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, 181, (E.D. Pa. Apr. 22, 2020).

Choice first argues the TVPRA claim fails because the Second Amended Complaint does not allege Choice committed any "overt act" that furthered the sex trafficking, and without an overt act Choice cannot have "participated" under section 1595. (Doc. #149, pp. 23-24.) This argument is based on the Sixth Circuit's analysis in U.S. v. Afyare, in which the court held that section 1591(a)(2), the criminal provision of the TVPRA, "targets those who participate in sex trafficking; it does not target [those] who turn a blind eye to the source of their financial sponsorship." 632 Fed. App'x 272, 286 (6th Cir. 2016). At least two district courts have relied upon Afyare to require a plaintiff asserting a civil claim under section 1595 to allege the defendant actually participated in the sex trafficking. See Doe 1 v. Red Roof Inns, Inc., 2020 WL 1872335, *3 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 13, 2020) ("Association alone cannot establish liability; instead, knowledge and ‘some participation in the sex trafficking act itself must be shown.’ "); Noble v. Weinstein, 335 F. Supp. 3d 504, 524 (S.D. NY 2018) ("Plaintiff must allege specific conduct that furthered the sex trafficking venture. Such conduct must have been undertaken with the knowledge, or in reckless disregard of the fact, that it was furthering the alleged sex trafficking venture. In other words, some participation in the sex trafficking act itself must be shown.").

Other district courts to consider this issue, however, have rejected Choice's argument. See, e.g., J.C. v. Choice Hotels Int'l, Inc., 2020 WL 3035794, *1 n.1 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2020) ; S.J. v. Choice Hotels Int'l, Inc., 473 F.Supp.3d 147, 152–54, (E.D. N.Y. July 20, 2020) ; A.B., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, 188, ; Doe S.W. v. Lorain-Elyria Motel, Inc., 2020 WL 1244192, *6 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 16, 2020) ; H.H. v. G6 Hosp., LLC, 2019 WL 6682152, *4 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 6, 2019) ; M.A. v. Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, Inc., 425 F. Supp. 3d 959, 968-69 (S.D. Ohio 2019). These courts determined that section 1595 includes a constructive knowledge element, and that "applying the definition of ‘participation in a venture’ provided for in § 1591(e) to the requirements under § 1595 would void the ‘known or should have known’ language of § 1595." M.A., 425 F. Supp 3d at 969 ; see also J.C., 2020 WL 3035794, *1 n.1 ; A.B., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, 188, ; Doe S.W., 2020 WL 1244192, *6 ; H.H., 2019 WL 6682152, *4. In the absence of any controlling authority, the Court concludes that actual "participation in the sex trafficking act itself" is not required to state a claim under section 1595. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ failure to allege such actual participation is not fatal to its section 1595 claim under the TVPRA.

Choice next argues the claim fails because as the franchisor Choice does not own or operate the hotels at issue, and therefore has no control over the day-today operations or to whom rooms are rented. (Doc. #149, p. 27.) However, this conflicts with the Second Amended Complaint's allegations that Choice was the "owner, operator, manager, supervisor, controller and innkeeper" of the two hotels where sex trafficking is alleged to have occurred. (Doc. #85, ¶¶ 28-29.) The Court is required to accept these allegations as true, Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, and "[i]n adjudicating a motion to dismiss, the district court may not resolve factual disputes," Page v. Postmaster Gen. & Chief Exec. Officer of U.S. Postal Serv., 493 Fed. App'x 994, 995 (11th Cir. 2012). Accordingly, Choice's motion to dismiss on this basis is denied.

Next, Choice argues plaintiffs fail to allege sufficient facts to show Choice "knowingly benefitted" from the sex trafficking. (Doc. #149, pp. 27-30.) The Court disagrees. The Second Amended Complaint alleges the defendants, including Choice, knowingly benefitted by (1) receiving payment for the rooms rented for plaintiffs and their traffickers, and (2) receiving "other financial benefits in the form of food and beverage sales and ATM fees from those persons who were engaging in sex trafficking." (Doc. #85, ¶ 441.) While Choice argues such allegations are insufficient (Doc. #149, pp. 28-30), several courts have concluded otherwise. See A.B., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, 191, (noting that the "rental of a room constitutes a financial benefit from a relationship with the trafficker sufficient to meet [the knowingly benefitted financially] element of the § 1595(a) standard"); Doe S.W., 2020 WL 1244192, *5 (same); H.H., 2019 WL 6682152, *2 (same); M.A., 425 F. Supp 3d at 965 (same). The Court agrees with these cases and finds plaintiffs’ allegations sufficient.

Choice next argues the Second Amended Complaint fails to plausibly allege it knew or should have known of plaintiffs’ sex trafficking. (Doc. #149, pp. 30-31.) The Court again disagrees. In the Second Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege each defendant knew or should have known about the sex trafficking venture based on the following:

a. Requests by the traffickers to rent rooms near exit doors;

b. Cash payments for the rooms by the sex traffickers;

c. Refusal of housekeeping services by those persons engaged in sex trafficking;

d. Excessive used condoms located in the rooms used for sex trafficking;

e. Excessive requests for towels and linens in the rooms used for sex trafficking;

f. Hotel staff observing S.Y. and C.S. and their traffickers in the hotel;

g. S.Y. and C.S. being escorted by traffickers in the hotel;

h. Pleas and screams from [sic] help coming from the rooms of S.Y. and C.S.;

i. Operation of sex trafficking ventures out of the same hotel room for multiple days or weeks in succession;

j. Multiple men per day coming and going from the same rooms without luggage or personal possessions;

k. Online reviews of Defendants’ properties which described prostitution and commercial sex work taking place at Defendants’ properties; and

l. Knowledge of police and EMS activity at Defendants’ properties and at other locations near Defendants’ properties that is related to commercial sex work[.]

(Doc. #85, ¶ 442.) Courts considering similar allegations have found them sufficient to infer a defendant knew or should have known of the sex trafficking venture, see A.B., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, 193–94, ; Doe S.W., 2020 WL 1244192, *5-6 ; H.H., 2019 WL 6682152, *3 ; M.A., 425 F. Supp 3d at 967-68, and the Court finds these allegations sufficient as well. Additionally, Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows knowledge to be plead generally.

Finally, Choice challenges plaintiffs’ allegations suggesting it is vicariously liable. (Doc. #149, pp. 31-34.) The Second Amended Complaint alleges Choice was in an agency relationship with the two hotels at issue, as well as being a joint employer with these two hotels. (Doc. #85, ¶¶ 181-84, 187-90, 206-09, 212-15.) Choice argues the Second Amended Complaint insufficiently alleges it was either an actual or apparent agent of its franchisees, again noting that it does not own or operate either of the hotels at issue. (Doc. #149, pp. 31-34.) Plaintiffs correctly respond that they do not need to prove an agency relationship at this stage, but simply set forth plausible allegations that one exists. (Doc. #158, pp. 16-17.) Having reviewed the allegations at issue, the Court finds them sufficient to satisfy the motion to dismiss standard.

"It is well-established that a franchise relationship does not by itself create an agency relationship between the franchisor and franchisee." Cain v. Shell Oil Co., 994 F. Supp. 2d 1251, 1252 (N.D. Fla. 2014). However, "[f]ranchisors may well enter into an agency relationship with a franchisee if, by contract or action or representation, the franchisor has directly or apparently participated in some substantial way in directing or managing acts of the franchisee, beyond the mere fact of providing contractual franchise support activities." Mobil Oil Corp. v. Bransford, 648 So. 2d 119, 120 (Fla. 1995). In the Second Amended Complaint's agency allegations, plaintiff asserts Choice exercised control over the means and methods of how its franchisees conducted business in a variety of ways, such as profit sharing, standardized training, standardized rules of operation, regular inspection, and price fixing. (Doc. #85, ¶¶ 181-86, 206-11.) Courts have found similar allegations sufficient to support a claim of an agency relationship, A.B., 455 F.Supp.3d 171, –195–97, ; Doe S.W., 2020 WL 1244192, *7 ; H.H., 2019 WL 6682152, *6 ; M.A., 425 F. Supp. 3d at 972, and the Court does as well.

In summary, the Court finds the allegations in the Second Amended Complaint sufficient to state a claim under section 1595 of the TVPRA against Choice. Accordingly, the Court denies Choice's request to dismiss the claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).

B. Improper Joinder

In its motion, Choice suggests the two plaintiffs "have misjoined their claims in a single suit, and their claims should be severed, or a party should be removed" pursuant to Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Id. pp. 20-21.) In response, plaintiffs note that they "consent to said motion" (Doc. #158, p. 1 n.1), and previously filed a motion consenting to severance in May 2020 (Doc. #153). The Court agrees that the current joinder of parties is inappropriate, and that the requested severance is appropriate. The Court is not convinced, however, that a single plaintiff can properly join all defendants in her own separate complaint. It may be necessary for each plaintiff to further separate defendants in additional complaints. The Court need not decide that issue at this time, and will leave the scope and number of any amended or additional pleadings to plaintiffs, subject of course to additional motions to dismiss.

C. Irrelevant Allegations and Shotgun Pleading

The Second Amended Complaint contains various allegations regarding sex trafficking in general and its relationship with the hospitality industry, as well as general allegations about the defendants’ knowledge of sex trafficking's prevalence and the failure to prevent it. (Doc. #85, ¶¶ 1-4, 9-13, 73-92.) In its motion, Choice requests the Court strike these allegations pursuant to Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, describing the allegations as "salacious," "impertinent," and "having no bearing on this case." (Doc. #149, p. 20.)

Pursuant to Rule 12(f), a party may move to strike "any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter" within the pleadings. The court enjoys broad discretion in determining whether to grant or deny these motions to strike. Anchor Hocking Corp. v. Jacksonville Elec. Auth., 419 F. Supp. 992, 1000 (M.D. Fla. 1976). "The purpose of a motion to strike is to clean up the pleadings, streamline litigation, and avoid unnecessary forays into immaterial matters." Hutchings v. Fed. Ins. Co., 2008 WL 4186994, *2 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 8, 2008) (marks and citation omitted). It is not intended to "procure the dismissal of all or part of a complaint." Id. Likewise, a motion to strike is a drastic remedy and is disfavored by the courts. Schmidt v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 289 F.R.D. 357, 358 (M.D. Fla. 2012). Therefore, a motion to strike should be granted only if "the matter sought to be omitted has no possible relationship to the controversy, may confuse the issues, or otherwise prejudice a party." Id.

Having reviewed the allegations at issue, the Court agrees that those regarding sex trafficking in general and its relationship with the hospitality industry should be stricken as irrelevant. See Doe 1, 2020 WL 1872335, *5 ("Plaintiff's current Amended Complaint contains redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter including ‘puffing’ about sex trafficking and what it is and why it's bad. Such matters have no bearing on issues in this case and could serve to prejudice Defendants and confuse the facts at issue.") (citation omitted). Accordingly, plaintiffs are directed to remove these allegations from any amended or additional pleading. Lisicki v. Lee Mem'l Health Sys., 2019 WL 5887176, *1 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 12, 2019) (striking various allegations as immaterial).

Finally, Choice argues the Second Amended Complaint should be dismissed outright as a shotgun pleading. (Doc. #149, p. 18.) Specifically, Choice argues the Second Amended Complaint (1) incorporates the same non-continuous paragraphs in each of the claims, (2) alleges conclusory, vague and immaterial facts about sex trafficking, why it is bad, and the hospitality industry's participation in it, and (3) merely reiterates the elements of the claims without alleging specific facts or circumstances that give rise to Choice's liability. (Id. )

The Court agrees that the Second Amended Complaint constitutes an improper shotgun pleading. See Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sheriff's Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1321 (11th Cir. 2015) (describing four types of shotgun pleadings, the most common of which "is a complaint containing multiple counts where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came before and the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint"); Spigot, Inc. v. Hoggatt, 2020 WL 108905, *1 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 9, 2020) (dismissing complaint without prejudice for restating and re-alleging each paragraph in each claim). Given that plaintiffs have abandoned several claims against several defendants and consented to sever their claims, the Court will dismiss the Second Amended Complaint with leave to amend. Plaintiff(s) may file a third amended complaint or additional complaints, without the improper incorporation of paragraphs.

Accordingly, it is now

ORDERED:

1. Defendant Choice Hotels International, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, or in the alternative, To Sever and Strike and Memorandum in Support (Doc. #149) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part for the reasons expressed herein.

2. The Second Amended Complaint is dismissed without prejudice . Within FOURTEEN (14) DAYS of this Opinion and Order, plaintiff S.Y. shall file a Third Amended Complaint against some or all of the defendants. If she chooses to separate her claims, plaintiff S.Y. may also file within FOURTEEN (14) DAYS a new complaint(s) in a new case(s) against the relevant defendants. Upon the filing of the Third Amended Complaint, plaintiff C.S. will be terminated from this case.

3. Plaintiff C.S. shall have FOURTEEN (14) DAYS from this Opinion and Order to file a new complaint(s) in a new case(s), setting forth her claims against a defendant or defendants. Both plaintiffs are directed to use this time to remove any withdrawn claims, as well as any language the Court has stricken and the improper incorporation of paragraphs, from future complaints.

4. The remaining pending motions to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint (Doc. ##96, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 215, 232, 233, 247, 250, 258, 273, 274, 278, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289) are DENIED as MOOT .

DONE AND ORDERED at Fort Myers, Florida, this 5th day of August, 2020.