Summary
stating that the "Michigan Constitution secures the same right of equal protection and due process as does the United States Constitution"
Summary of this case from Lucas v. Monroe CountyOpinion
Docket No. 98551.
Decided April 5, 1988.
Sperry Dinse, P.C. (by Michael J. Matuzak), for plaintiffs.
Edward H. Crawford, for Rau Tavern, Inc.
James I. Sullivan, P.C. (by James I. Sullivan), for Hansen House Ltd.
Plaintiffs, Louis J. and Joanne M. Roy, appeal as of right from the January 29, 1987, order granting defendants' motions for summary disposition and dismissing plaintiffs' complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. MCR 2.116(C)(8). We affirm.
Plaintiffs commenced the instant action seeking to recover for the loss of their twenty-three-year-old son, Jon P. Roy, who had been killed in a motorcycle accident on August 21, 1986. In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged that defendants had served their son alcohol contrary to Michigan's dramshop act, MCL 436.1 et seq.; MSA 18.971 et seq. Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that, as a direct and proximate result of the death of their son, they had been deprived of their son's love, society, companionship and services.
On December 2, 1986, defendants moved for summary disposition on the basis that plaintiffs' claim was barred by a recently enacted amendment to the dramshop act, MCL 436.22(10); MSA 18.993(10). The amendment took effect on July 7, 1986, approximately 1 1/2 months before the accident. The amendment provides that a visibly intoxicated person or members of his family are precluded from maintaining a cause of action for loss of financial support, love, society or companionship.
Plaintiffs opposed the motion arguing that the amendment to the statute should be declared unconstitutional on the basis that it constitutes a denial of equal protection because it treats parents of an innocent victim differently from parents of a noninnocent victim. In addition, plaintiffs claimed that the amendment denied them due process of law.
The hearing on defendants' motion took place on January 29, 1987. The trial judge ruled from the bench and found that plaintiffs' claim was barred by the recent amendment to the dramshop act. The court's ruling was incorporated into a January 29, 1987, order dismissing plaintiffs' complaint. The instant appeal followed.
The sole issue before the Court is whether the amendment to the dramshop act, which denies recovery to certain persons, violates equal protection and due process guarantees of the United States and Michigan Constitutions. Plaintiffs' complaint was dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests only the legal sufficiency of the pleadings. The court must accept as true all well-pled factual allegations as well as any conclusions which can reasonably be drawn therefrom. The court may grant the motion only when the claim, on the pleadings alone, is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify the right to recovery. Abel v Eli Lilly Co, 418 Mich. 311, 323; 343 N.W.2d 164 (1984), reh den 419 Mich. 1201 (1984), cert den sub nom E R Squibb Sons, Inc v Abel, 469 U.S. 833; 105 S Ct 123; 83 L Ed 2d 65 (1984); Stewart v Isbell, 155 Mich. App. 65, 74; 399 N.W.2d 440 (1986).
The Michigan Constitution secures the same right of equal protection (Const 1963, art 1, § 2) and due process (Const 1963, art 1, § 17) as does the United States Constitution (US Const, Am XIV). Fox v Employment Security Comm, 379 Mich. 579, 588; 153 N.W.2d 644 (1967). In 1986, the Michigan Legislature passed several amendments to the dramshop act. One of these amendments addressed who could properly maintain an action for injuries caused by furnishing liquor to a minor or a visibly intoxicated person. The amendment now provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, an individual who suffers damage or is personally injured by a minor or visibly intoxicated person by reason of the unlawful selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic liquor to the minor or visibly intoxicated person, if the unlawful sale is proven to be a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death, or the spouse, child, parent, or guardian of that individual, shall have a right of action in his or her name against the person who by selling, giving, or furnishing the alcoholic liquor has caused or contributed to the intoxication of the person or who has caused or contributed to the damage, injury, or death. In an action pursuant to this section, the plaintiff shall have the right to recover actual damages in a sum of not less than $50.00 in each case in which the court or jury determines that intoxication was a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death. [MCL 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4).]
While providing for who may maintain an action under the dramshop act, the Legislature also specifically excluded certain individuals from being able to sue under the act in MCL 436.22(10); MSA 18.993(10), which provides:
The alleged visibly intoxicated person shall not have a cause of action pursuant to this section nor shall any person have a cause of action pursuant to this section for the loss of financial support, services, gifts, parental training, guidance, love, society, or companionship of the alleged visibly intoxicated person.
Plaintiffs' complaint falls squarely within this section since they, as parents of the alleged visibly intoxicated person, filed suit seeking damages for loss of financial support, love, society, etc., due to the death of their son. Plaintiffs contend that the above amendment denies parents of an alleged visibly intoxicated person a cause of action, while parents of a person harmed by the visibly intoxicated person still have a cause of action. Plaintiffs maintain that such a classification constitutes a denial of equal protection. We disagree.
In Manistee Bank Trust Co v McGowan, 394 Mich. 655, 668; 232 N.W.2d 636 (1975), our Supreme Court set forth a two-tiered approach to equal protection cases:
If the interest is "fundamental" or the classification "suspect," the court applies a "strict scrutiny" test requiring the state to show a "compelling" interest which justifies the classification. Rarely have courts sustained legislation subjected to this standard of review.
Other legislation, principally social and economic, is subjected to review under the traditional equal protection test. The burden is on the person challenging the classification to show that it is without reasonable justification. It has been said that "[a] statutory discrimination will not be set aside if any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it." A classification will stand unless it is shown to be "essentially arbitrary." Few statutes have been found so wanting in "rationality" as to fail to satisfy the "essentially arbitrary" test.
Under traditional equal protection analysis, a legislative classification will be upheld if the classification itself is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest. Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich. 554, 613; 267 N.W.2d 72 (1978), cert den sub nom Allstate Ins Co v Kelley, 442 U.S. 934 (1979), after remand 412 Mich. 1105 (1982). In applying this test, the challenged legislative judgment is accorded a presumption of constitutionality. Michigan Canners Freezers Ass'n, Inc v Agricultural Marketing Bargaining Bd, 397 Mich. 337, 343-344; 245 N.W.2d 1 (1976). This presumption of constitutionality means that the court's inquiry "must be restricted to the issue whether any state of facts either known or which could reasonably be assumed affords support for it." Shavers, supra, pp 613-614, quoting from United States v Carolene Products Co, 304 U.S. 144, 154; 58 S Ct 778; 82 L Ed 1234 (1938).
In our case, the amendment does not deny plaintiffs the equal protection of the laws. The amendment was designed to deal with the numerous cases which were creating a liability crisis for tavern and restaurant owners. Barring family members of a visibly intoxicated person from maintaining suit was one way in which this crisis could be lessened. We cannot conclude that this classification was arbitrary. It was rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.
We also reject plaintiffs' argument that we should apply a somewhat heightened scrutiny analysis as was done in Manistee, supra. In Goss v Richmond, 146 Mich. App. 610, 614; 381 N.W.2d 776 (1985), this Court addressed this very issue and noted:
Plaintiff cites Manistee Bank Trust Co v McGowan, 394 Mich. 655; 232 N.W.2d 636 (1979), to support his claim that the classification system used "must bear a substantial and rational relation to the statute's purpose." His reliance on McGowan is misplaced. Unlike the guest passenger statute under scrutiny in McGowan, the dramshop act does not create a discrete exception to a general rule. Rather, the dramshop act creates the general rule by providing certain persons a remedy which was not available at common law. See Lucido v Apollo Lanes Bar, Inc, 123 Mich. App. 267; 333 N.W.2d 246 (1983).
Similarly, we decline to apply a heightened scrutiny analysis to our case.
Plaintiffs also argue that they have been denied a cause of action without due process of law. This contention is also without merit. The test to determine whether legislation enacted pursuant to the police power comports with due process is whether the legislation bears a reasonable relation to a permissible legislative objective. Shavers, supra, p 612. As we noted earlier, the challenged amendment is not arbitrary and there is a reasonable relationship between the amendment and the legislative goal of easing the dramshop liability crisis. Therefore, since plaintiffs' complaint fell within the challenged amendment, the trial court properly dismissed it.
Affirmed.