Opinion
Nos. 38615 and 38616
Decided December 16, 1964.
Negligence — Motor vehicles — Ordinance prohibiting leaving vehicle without locking ignition and removing key — Owner violating ordinance, not liable for negligent operation by thief.
The violation by the operator of a motor vehicle of a city ordinance prohibiting the leaving of an unattended motor vehicle without locking the ignition and removing the key does not impose liability on such operator for the negligent operation of such vehicle by a thief, causing injuries to a third person.
APPEALS from the Court of Appeals for Lucas County.
These causes are actions for personal injuries received as a result of an automobile collision. On February 11, 1961, defendant, appellee herein, parked his car near the intersection of 11th Street and Moorish Street in the city of Toledo. The evidence is apparently conflicting as to whether defendant removed the key from the ignition. However, this is not determinative in the present actions inasmuch as defendant testified that he had known for three or four months that the ignition was not lockable. In other words, a key was not necessary to turn on the ignition. He left the car, and while he was away the car was stolen and some 90 minutes later, while in possession of the thief, was involved in the accident which gave rise to the present actions.
At the time of the accident, the following ordinance was in effect in the city of Toledo:
"Section 21-9-6. Standing unattended.
"No person driving or in charge of a motor vehicle shall permit it to stand unattended without first stopping the motor, locking the ignition, and removing the key * * *."
On the basis of this ordinance plaintiffs, appellants herein, brought the present actions, contending that defendant's failure to comply therewith constituted negligence which rendered him liable for plaintiffs' injuries.
The trial court directed verdicts in favor of defendant at the conclusion of plaintiffs' evidence.
These judgments were affirmed by the Court of Appeals.
The causes are before this court pursuant to the allowance of motions to certify the records.
Messrs. Cubbon Rice and Mr. David R. Goldberg, for appellants.
Messrs. Moan Andrews and Mr. Harold C. Moan, for appellee.
The question raised in these cases is whether the violation of a city ordinance prohibiting the leaving of an unattended automobile without locking the ignition and removing the key renders the owner thereof liable for injuries resulting from the operation of such automobile by a thief.
It is a basic prerequisite that in order to recover for an alleged negligent injury the act complained of must be the direct and proximate cause of the injury. 39 Ohio Jurisprudence (2d), 525, Negligence, Section 26.
For an act to be the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable consequence of such act. Foss-Schneider Brewing Co. v. Ulland, 97 Ohio St. 210.
To find that an injury was the natural and probable consequence of an act, it must appear that the injury complained of could have been foreseen or reasonably anticipated from the alleged negligent act. As is said in Miller v. Baltimore Ohio Southwestern Rd. Co., 78 Ohio St. 309, at page 325, "the rule is elementary, that a defendant in an action for negligence can be held to respond in damages only for the immediate and proximate result of the negligent act complained of, and in determining what is direct or proximate cause, the rule requires that the injury sustained shall be the natural and probable consequence of the negligence alleged; that is, such consequence as under the surrounding circumstances of the particular case might, and should have been foreseen or anticipated by the wrongdoer as likely to follow his negligent act."
This brings us to the issue in the instant cases. Could defendant reasonably have foreseen or anticipated that by leaving his key in his car that it would be stolen, and if stolen, would be operated in a negligent manner so as to cause injury to a member of the public?
The mere statement of the question shows that to hold defendant liable would require him to have anticipated not one but two probable consequences as a result of his leaving his key in his car. He must have foreseen, first, that his car would be stolen, and, second, that the thief would operate the car in such a negligent manner as to cause an injury to some member of the public.
Statistics show that of the 79,022,916 vehicles registered in the United States in 1962 only 356,000 thefts were reported, indicating that there is about 1 chance in 200 that a car will be stolen. Under such circumstances, it can hardly be found that one could reasonably anticipate that his car would be stolen even if he left his key in his motor vehicle. Unfortunately no statistics have been found as to how many of the car thefts arose as a result of the keys being left in the cars. However, it is a matter of common knowledge that, although a key might simplify the theft of a car, it is totally unnecessary to the thief. It takes only a minute for anyone conversant with the mechanics of a motor vehicle to start the engine with a short piece of wire.
Even if a person could anticipate that his car would be stolen, he could not reasonably anticipate that such vehicle would be operated in such a manner as to cause an accident.
The proximate cause of the injuries in the instant cases was the negligent act of the thief in the operation of the vehicle. Thus, even assuming negligence on the part of the defendant in the first instance in leaving his key in the vehicle in violation of the ordinance, the chain of causation was broken by the negligence of the thief in operating the vehicle. In other words, there was an efficient intervening cause, a new and independent force which severed the chain of causation. It is said in Clements v. Tashjoin, 92 R.I. 308, 315, 168 A.2d 472:
"* * * The negligence on his part, if any, was not a direct and proximate cause of her injury but was merely a condition or circumstance which did not operate to cause any injury to the plaintiff except for the intervening independent negligence of the thief. Such negligence the defendant was not in law bound to foresee as a natural and probable consequence of his violation of the statute."
The mere ownership of an automobile does not make the owner thereof an insurer of the public in relation to the operation thereof by a third person. Indeed, it is only when the owner entrusts such car to an incompetent driver or where the driver is acting as the agent for the owner that any liability attaches to the owner for acts of a third person. Thus, even with permissive use a motor-vehicle owner has only a very limited liability for acts of a third person. It would be beyond the realm of reason to attach liability to an owner for acts of a nonpermissive user, a thief.
Thus, the violation by the operator of a motor vehicle of a city ordinance prohibiting the leaving of an unattended motor vehicle without locking the ignition and removing the key does not impose liability on such operator for the negligent operation of such vehicle by a thief, causing injuries to a third person. Hersh v. Miller, 169 Neb. 517, 99 N.W.2d 878; Richards v. Stanley, 43 Cal.2d 60, 271 P.2d 23; Permenter v. Milner Chevrolet Co., 229 Miss. 385, 91 So.2d 243; Corinti v. Wittkopp, 355 Mich. 170, 93 N.W.2d 906; Lambotte v. Payton, 147 Colo. 207, 363 P.2d 167; Liberto v. Holfeldt, 221 Md. 62, 155 A.2d 698; Clements v. Tashjoin, supra.
The judgments of the Court of Appeals are, therefore, affirmed.
Judgments affirmed.
TAFT, C.J., ZIMMERMAN, O'NEILL, GRIFFITH and HERBERT, JJ., concur.
GIBSON, J., concurs in the syllabus and judgments.