Summary
In Roe, a three-judge court declared restrictions limiting medical abortions to "saving the life of the mother" to be vague, overbroad, and unnecessary State restrictions on the Ninth Amendment right of women to choose whether to have children.
Summary of this case from Lashley v. StateOpinion
No. 322, September Term, 1967.
Decided August 14, 1968.
ABORTION — Pregnancy Is Requisite To Prosecution — Pregnancy May Be Established By Circumstantial Evidence — Statutory Proscription Not Limited To Any Particular Stage Of Pregnancy — Evidence Sufficient To Warrant Finding Of Pregnancy. The element of pregnancy is requisite to the successful prosecution of the crime charged and must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. p. 709
Pregnancy of the victim may be established by circumstantial evidence. p. 709
The statute does not limit its proscription to any particular stage of pregnancy; pregnancy and life are simultaneous with the act of conception, and any interruption, actual or attempted, with the natural life cycle thereafter stands violative of the statute. Code (1957), Art. 27, § 3. p. 709
Prosecuting witness's testimony as to her belief that she was pregnant, that she sought out appellant and endured treatment rendered by appellant, and that she aborted two days after such treatment was sufficient to warrant trial court's finding of pregnancy beyond a reasonable doubt. p. 709
APPEAL — Review Of Evidence In Non-Jury Trials. The applicable test in reaching a determination of the sufficiency of the evidence in a non-jury case is whether the evidence, if believed, either shows directly or supports a rational inference of the facts to be proved, from which the court could fairly be convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the defendant's guilt of the offense charged. p. 710
In non-jury trials, the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses rest within the determination of the trial judge. p. 711
APPEAL — Judgment Not Reversed Without Showing Of Insufficiency Of Evidence. The Court of Special Appeals cannot reverse a judgment of a lower court unless it is shown that there was no legally sufficient evidence, or proper inferences therefrom, from which the lower court could find the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. p. 711
Decided August 14, 1968.
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (SODARO, J.).
Maxine Roeder was convicted in a non-jury trial of using unlawful means to cause and procure a miscarriage and abortion, and, from the judgment entered thereon, she appeals.
Affirmed.
The cause was submitted to MURPHY, C.J., and ANDERSON, MORTON, ORTH, and THOMPSON, JJ.
Donald S. Hurwitz for appellant.
Bernard L. Silbert, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, Charles E. Moylan, Jr., State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and James F. Garrity, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.
The appellant, Maxine Roeder, was tried in the Criminal Court of Baltimore by Judge Anselm Sodaro, sitting without a jury, and was convicted of using unlawful means to cause and procure a miscarriage and abortion.
Appellant's sole contention raised on this appeal is that the trial court erred in finding guilt absent proof of an essential element in the indictment.
The evidence adduced at the trial revealed that the prosecuting witness believed herself pregnant when "I had skipped my period and I was sick in the morning and my body was swollen." As a result thereof, she visited a local bar and contacted another girl who, in turn, led her to the appellant. Subsequent thereto, the appellant and prosecuting witness met at the contact's apartment where the appellant directed her to remove her clothing and to lie on the bed. Asking if she would get sick, the prosecuting witness was assured that she would be "all right." The appellant then placed clamps upon and inserted tubes into the prosecuting witness' vagina, thereafter inserting a cold liquid. The process took some fifteen minutes. A small amount of blood was passed and she was told to "[g]o home; you'll be all right." Three hundred dollars was paid for the service the appellant rendered.
Two days later, the prosecuting witness aborted and started to hemorrhage, which continued for five days. Two days after aborting and the start of the hemorrhaging, she was admitted to the Greater Baltimore Medical Center.
The thrust of the appellant's argument is that the State failed to prove that the prosecuting witness was pregnant "beyond the reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty," at the time of the alleged crime, and absent this prerequisite element of proof, the conviction cannot stand.
As was so lucidly expressed by Chief Judge Alvey in his dissenting opinion in Lamb v. State, 67 Md. 524 at 537 (1887), quoting from Mills v. Commonwealth, 13 Pa. St. 631, 633:
"It is a flagrant crime, at common law, to attempt to procure the miscarriage or abortion of a woman, because it interferes with and violates the mysteries of nature, in that process by which the human race is propagated and continued. It is a crime against nature, which obstructs the fountain of life, and therefore it is punished."
The original precursor of the controlling statute was initially construed in Lamb v. State, supra. That opinion by Judge Bryan observed in effect that the statute of 1868 by proscribing the enumerated activities at any period of her pregnancy changed the common law concept that since "the life of an infant was not supposed to begin until it stirred in the mother's womb, it was not regarded as a criminal offense to commit abortion in the early stages of pregnancy."
Except for very minor variance, the statute of 1868 is the same as the instant statute.
Article 27, § 3 of the Annotated Code of Maryland (1967 Repl. Vol.) states that:
"Any person who shall knowingly advertise, print, publish, distribute or circulate, or knowingly cause to be advertised, printed, published, distributed or circulated, any pamphlet, printed paper, book, newspaper notice, advertisement or reference containing words or language giving or conveying any notice, hint or reference to any person, or to the name of any person, real or fictitious, from whom, or to any place, house, shop, or office, where any poison, drug, mixture, preparation, medicine or noxious thing, or any instrument or means whatever for the purpose of producing abortion, can be procured, or who shall knowingly sell, or cause to be sold any such poison, drug, mixture, preparation, medicine or noxious thing or instrument of any kind whatever; or from whom any advice, direction, information or knowledge may be obtained for the purpose of causing the miscarriage or abortion of any woman pregnant with child, at any period of her pregnancy, or shall knowingly sell or cause to be sold any medicine, or who shall knowingly use or cause to be used any means whatsoever for that purpose, shall be punished by imprisonment * * *" [Emphasis added].
As stated in 1 Maryland Law Encyclopedia at page 29:
"* * * `abortion' commonly describes an offense, carrying a meaning well established in jurisprudence. By the use of the word is meant that the life of the fetus or embryo shall be destroyed in the woman's womb, or that a premature birth thereof be caused before it is capable of sustaining life."
The nature of the activity legally proscribed by the aforenoted statute is clearly any specified effort knowingly directed at the causation or procurement of a miscarriage or abortion of any woman, pregnant with child at any period of her pregnancy, excluding that legally condoned exercise by a medical practitioner.
The element of pregnancy is requisite to the successful prosecution of the crime charged and must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
"Pregnancy of the victim may be established by circumstantial evidence. Absolute certainty of pregnancy under a statute making pregnancy an essential element in the offense is not exact; all the law requires is such reasonable certainty as shall silence all reasonable doubt." 1 C.J.S., Abortion § 34 at p. 388. The instant statute proscribes any of the enumerated acts upon a pregnant woman "at any period of her pregnancy," thus not limiting such proscription to any particular stage of the pregnancy and thereby dispelling the oft stressed common law prerequisite that the woman be "quick with child," meaning having felt the child move within her. Therefore, pregnancy and life are simultaneous with the act of conception and any, actual or attempted, interruption with the natural life cycle thereafter stands violative of the instant statute. See Bonfield v. Blackmore, 90 N.J. Law 216, 100 A. 160, 161 (1917).
In Tasco v. State, 223 Md. 503, 165 A.2d 456, 460 (1960), the Court of Appeals, speaking through Judge Prescott (later Chief Judge), stated at page 510-511:
"Proof of guilt beyond all doubt has never been required, even in the most serious criminal cases.
`The trier of facts in a criminal case is enjoined by law to give due force to the presumption of innocence, and then to proceed cautiously in weighing the evidence; but he is not commanded to be naive and to believe without scrutiny every glib suggestion or far-fetched fairy tale whether emanating from State or defense. An indispensable ingredient in judgment, in court as well as out of it, is a modicum of common sense.' Berry v. State, 202 Md. 62, 67, 95 A.2d 319.
`To prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt it is not necessary that every conceivable miraculous coincidence consistent with innocence be negatived.' Hayette v. State, 199 Md. 140, 144, 85 A.2d 790."
See Pettis v. State, 2 Md. App. 651, 653, 236 A.2d 429, 430 (1968): Young v. State, 4 Md. App. 286, 299, 242 A.2d 562, 569 (1968).
Here, the prosecuting witness testified as to her physical condition and symptoms, which were compatible with pregnancy and to her belief that she was pregnant. She was so secure in her belief that she sought out the appellant and endured the aforedescribed treatment. Her testimony further revealed that she aborted two days after appellant treated her. This testimony was sufficient to warrant the court's finding of pregnancy beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition thereto, the medical record, which was admitted below, revealed the "pathologically germane" information that:
"On 3/4/67 she was taken to the Operating Room where a D and C for completion of septic abortion was performed, the pathology of which was returned as inflamed and necrotic placental fragments."
D and C — dilatation of the cervix and curettage (scraping) of the cavity of the uterus: used as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in obstetrics and gynecology. See Blackiston's New Gould Medical Dictionary, Second Edition.
Dead Cells — part of the organ situated on the wall of the uterus from which the embryo is attached; it is developed about the third month of gestation. See Blackiston's, supra.
The applicable test in reaching a determination of the sufficiency of the evidence in a non-jury case is whether the evidence, if believed, either shows directly or supports a rational inference of the facts to be proved, from which the court could fairly be convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the defendant's guilt of the offense charged. Morris v. State,
4 Md. App. 328, 331, 242 A.2d 582, 584 (1968); Brown v. State, 4 Md. App. 261, 268, 242 A.2d 570, 574 (1968); Montague v. State, 3 Md. App. 66, 72, 237 A.2d 816, 820 (1968).
Furthermore, in non-jury trials the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses rests within the determination of the trial judge. Morris v. State, supra, 331; Brown v. State, supra, 268-269; McRae v. State, 3 Md. App. 388, 393, 239 A.2d 607, 610 (1968).
Presented the instant facts, it would unduly stretch our credulity to interpret the appellant's act of affixing clamps to and inserting tubing into the vagina of the prosecuting witness as being directed at any purpose other than that prohibited by the statute.
This Court cannot reverse a judgment of the lower court unless it is shown that there is no legally sufficient evidence or proper inference therefrom, from which that court could find the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Morris v. State, supra, 333; Brown v. State, supra, 269. Such a prerequisite showing was not established in this case and we cannot say that the lower court was clearly erroneous. Maryland Rule 1086; Morris v. State, supra, 334; Brown v. State, supra, 269.
Judgment affirmed.