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finding that the Sandin standard of atypical and significant hardships has been applied with equal force to civilly committed residents, and "sexually violent predator" status has been deemed similar to that of prisoners
Summary of this case from Salerno v. CorzineOpinion
No. 06-2936.
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) March 23, 2007.
Filed: March 29, 2007.
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Civ. No. 02-cv-02798), District Judge: Honorable Dennis M. Cavanaugh.
Peter Joe Rivera, Kearny, NJ, pro se.
Dewan N. Arefin, Office of Attorney General of New Jersey Division of Law, Trenton, NJ, for Grace Rogers; A.L. Santiago; C. Buchanan; G. Bankowski; L. Chippetta.
Before: FISHER, ALDISERT and WE IS, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
Appellant, Peter Joe Rivera, appeals from the District Court's order dismissing his complaint filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. For essentially the reasons set forth by the District Court, we will affirm.
The facts and procedural history of this case are well known to the parties, and need not be restated in great detail here. In March 1992, a jury found Rivera guilty of two counts of sexual assault of a nine-year-old in the second degree, two counts of aggravated criminal sexual contact in the first degree, one count of endangering the welfare of a child, and one count of lewdness. Rivera was sentenced to a ten year prison term. He was also found guilty on a second two-count indictment, and sentenced that same day to serve a consecutive four year term of imprisonment. In October 2001, before Rivera completed his term of incarceration, he was civilly committed to the Special Treatment Unit ("STU") in Kearny, New Jersey, pursuant to the New Jersey Sexually Violent Predator Act.
Shortly after arriving at the STU, Rivera was given the Resident Handbook which outlines the rules and procedures enforced at the STU. It is specifically noted in the handbook that "[f]or security purposes, the designated DOC Mail Officer will open all packages in the mailroom" unless the package is clearly marked "Legal Mail." See Supplemental Appendix ("Ra") at 64, 75. It further states that STU's staff must review any and all tapes that enter the STU. See Ra 65. Rivera's girlfriend sent him a package, which was received on March 21, 2002, containing three tapes and a letter written in Spanish. Rivera was advised in a memorandum from the STU's mailroom supervisor dated March 25, 2002, that the contents of the package were prohibited items insofar as the tapes were not from the "source of sale" and the letter contained sexually explicit content. Rivera was thus informed that the package would be stored in the mailroom pending "disposal." Rivera chose to have the package returned to his girlfriend. Despite the fact that Rivera managed to receive the letter his girlfriend had written by having her send it through his attorney as legal mail (which is not viewed or checked by STU's staff), the incident prompted Rivera to file the underlying § 1983 complaint against the named defendants. In that complaint, Rivera alleges loss of personal property, denial of access to the courts, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ("ETS") and interference with his personal mail.
In an order entered on December 22, 2002, the District Court dismissed Rivera's claims for loss of personal property, denial of access to the courts and exposure to ETS for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Rivera filed an interlocutory appeal, and the District Court stayed further proceedings pending this Court's disposition of that appeal. We dismissed Rivera's appeal for lack of jurisdiction in an order issued on June 30, 2003, see C.A. No. 03-1025, and the proceedings resumed in the District Court with defendants eventually filing a motion for summary judgment with respect to Rivera's challenge to the constitutionality of STU's mail policy. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants in a Memorandum Opinion and Order entered on May 22, 2006. This timely appeal followed.
We have jurisdiction over the instant appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and exercise plenary review over a District Court's order granting a motion to dismiss a complaint and for summary judgment. See Debiec v. Cabot Corp., 352 F.3d 117, 128 n. 3 (3d Cir. 2003); Broselow v. Fisher, 319 F.3d 605, 607 (3d Cir. 2003). We have carefully reviewed the record, as well as the parties' briefs, and find the appeal to be meritless.
As the District Court noted, the Fourteenth Amendment provides the standard for evaluating the constitutionally protected interests of individuals who have been involuntarily committed to a state facility. See Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 312, 102 S.Ct. 2452, 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982). In determining whether the constitutional rights of an involuntarily committed individual have been violated, the court must balance the individual's liberty interests against the relevant state interests with deference shown to the judgment exercised by qualified professionals. Id. at 321-22, 102 S.Ct. 2452. Given that Rivera has been convicted of a crime and is being detained in the Special Treatment Unit because of his classification as a sexually violent predator under New Jersey's Sexually Violent Predator Act, his status is similar to that of a prisoner and we agree with the District Court's decision to proceed with its analysis of his First Amendment claim by looking to case law interpreting a prisoner's rights.
The District Court's Memorandum Opinion contains a thorough application of the test set forth in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987), and we see no reason to reiterate that entire analysis here. While clearly prisoners and those involuntarily committed, by virtue of their incarceration and custody status, "do not forfeit their First Amendment right to use of the mails," Jones v. Brown, 461 F.3d 353, 358 (3d Cir. 2006) (citations and quotations omitted), that right may be limited by institutional regulations that are reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. Turner, 482 U.S. at 92, 107 S.Ct. 2254. The District Court considered whether there was a valid, rational connection between the challenged STU mail regulation and a legitimate governmental interest, whether there are alternative means of exercising the right, the effect of accommodation of the right on the STU facility generally, and whether there are ready alternatives. See Jones v. Brown, 461 F.3d at 360; Nasir v. Morgan, 350 F.3d 366, 371-372 (3d Cir. 2003). As noted by the District Court, it is indisputable that STU has a legitimate interest in both the safety of its facility and the rehabilitation of its patients. See Waterman v. Farmer, 183 F.3d 208, 215 (3d Cir. 1999)("[I]t is beyond dispute that New Jersey has a legitimate penological interest in rehabilitating its most dangerous and compulsive sex offenders."). A policy that allows staff to open packages that are not marked as "legal mail" assures that packages containing contraband (i.e., items either harmful to the staff and patients, or detrimental to a patient's rehabilitation) are not being passed on to patients through the mail. Moreover, Rivera is free to send and receive mail, including letters from his girl-friend, so long as the content of the mail he receives is not sexually explicit. Additionally, we find no error in the District Court's conclusion that there are no ready alternatives and that the current policy appears to be the only viable alternative, thus further supporting the reasonableness of STU's policy.
The District Court also properly dismissed Rivera's claims for loss of personal property, denial of access to the courts and exposure to ETS pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). See Nami v. Fauver, 82 F.3d 63, 65 (3d Cir. 1996). We will affirm a dismissal for failure to state a claim if we can "'say with assurance that under the allegations of the pro se complaint, which we hold to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.'" McDowell v. Del. State Police, 88 F.3d 188, 189 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972)). As defendants correctly point out, Rivera raised his ETS claim in a separate action docketed at D.N.J. Civ. No. 03-cv-03689. On appeal, we agreed with the District Court's conclusion that Rivera failed to state a claim regarding his exposure to ETS under Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 113 S.Ct. 2475, 125 L.Ed.2d 22 (1993), and Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). See C.A. No. 04-2030. Rivera's claims of loss of personal property and denial of access to the courts fare no better. Given the material at issue in the instant case and the foregoing discussion regarding Rivera's First Amendment claim, his loss of personal property claim merits no further discussion. Finally, in the absence of an allegation of actual injury caused by the limitations Rivera asserts he has experienced at STU, he cannot prevail on a claim challenging his access to the court. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350-51, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (requiring an actual injury to establish a violation of the right of access to the courts).
Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.