Opinion
22-cv-61064-BLOOM/Valle
06-08-2022
RICHEMONT INTERNATIONAL SA, et al., Plaintiff, v. THE INDIVIDUALS, BUSINESS ENTITIES, AND UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS IDENTIFIED ON SCHEDULE “A,” Defendants. Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods MEISTGRSTUCK MONT° BLANC Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Registered Trademark Registration Number Registration Date Classes/Goods Def. No. Defendant / Seller ID Financial Account Information / Merchant Number / Transaction ID ASIN
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS' EX PARTE APPLICATION FOR ENTRY OF TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER AND SETTING HEARING ON MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
BETH BLOOM, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Plaintiffs' Ex Parte Application for Entry of Temporary Restraining Order, Preliminary Injunction, and Order Restraining Transfer of Assets (the “Application for Temporary Restraining Order”), ECF No. [8]. The Court has carefully considered the Application for Temporary Restraining Order, the record in this case, and the applicable law, and is otherwise fully advised.
By the Application, Plaintiffs, Richemont International SA, Cartier International A.G., Chloe S.A.S., Lange Uhren GMBH, Montblanc-Simplo GMBH, Officine Panerai A.G., and Van Cleef & Arpels SA (collectively “Plaintiffs”), move, ex parte, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, and The All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), for entry of a temporary restraining order and an order restraining the financial accounts used by Defendants, and upon expiration of the temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction against Defendants, for alleged violations of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114 and 1125(a). Because Plaintiffs have satisfied the requirements for the issuance of a temporary restraining order, the Court grants Plaintiffs' Application for Temporary Restraining Order.
Defendants are the Individuals, Business Entities, and Unincorporated Associations identified on Schedule “A” hereto (collectively “Defendants”).
The factual background is taken from Plaintiffs' Complaint, ECF No. [1], Plaintiffs' Application for Temporary Restraining Order, ECF No. [8], and supporting evidentiary submissions. Plaintiffs filed declarations and exhibits annexed thereto in support of their Application for Temporary Restraining Order. The declarations are available in the docket at the following entries: ECF Nos. [8-1], [8-2], [8-3].
Plaintiff, Richemont International SA, is the owner of the entire right, title and interest in and to the IWC trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “IWC Marks”):
| Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Class / Goods |
| IWC | 1,205,403 | August 17, 1982 | IC 014 - Watches |
| (Image Omitted) | 2,479,518 | August 21, 2001 | IC 014 - Watches |
| (Image Omitted) | 4,270,382 | January 8, 2013 | IC 014 - Watches, chronometers, clocks; straps for wristwatches, boxes of precious metal for watches and all the aforementioned goods from Switzerland |
| IWC | 4,322,600 | April 23, 2013 | IC 014 - Watches, chronometers, clocks, watch bands, boxes of precious metal for watches |
Plaintiff, Richemont International SA, is the owner of the entire right, title and interest in and to the Jaeger-LeCoultre trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “JAEGER-LECOULTRE Marks”):
| Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Class / Goods |
| JAEGERLECOULTRE | 1,339,139 | June 4, 1985 | IC 014 - Watches and Clocks Except Dashboard Clocks for Land Vehicles, Boats and Planes |
| (Image Omitted) | 1,402,084 | July 22, 1986 | IC 014 - Watches and Clocks Except Dashboard Clocks for Land Vehicles, Boats And Planes |
| (Image Omitted) | 2,528,168 | January 8, 2002 | IC 014 - Horological Products and Chronometric Instruments, Namely, Clocks, Watches, Table Clocks and Chronometers |
Plaintiff, Richemont International SA, is the owner of the entire right, title and interest in and to the Roger Dubuis trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “ROGER DUBUIS Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| ROGER DUBUIS | 2,345,742 | April 25, 2000 | IC 014 - Watches, watch bands |
| 4,204,082 | September 11, 2012 | IC 014 - Watches, chronometers, watch bands, boxes of precious metal for watches | |
| EXCALIBUR | 5,201,114 | May 09, 2017 | IC 014 - Watches; timepieces; horological instruments; movements for timepieces, namely, watches; watch straps; watch cases |
Plaintiff, Richemont International SA, is the owner of the entire right, title and interest in and to the Vacheron Constantin trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “VACHERON CONSTANTIN Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| VACHERON CONSTANTIN | 3,114,414 | July 11, 2006 | IC 014 - Cuff links; watches, chronometers, clocks, watchstraps, cases of precious metal for watches and jewellery |
| 4,564,316 | July 8, 2014 | IC 014 - Watches and chronometers | |
| VACHERON CONSTANTIN | 5,630,166 | December 18, 2018 | IC 014 - Jewelry; Cuff links; Tie clips; Jewelry in the nature of rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces and brooches; Timepieces in the nature of clocks; Dials for clock and watch making; Key rings of precious metal; Timepieces and chronometric instruments; Watches; Chronometers; Cases adapted for holding watches; Movements for timepieces in the nature of clocks and watches; Alarm clocks; Watch bands; Boxes of precious metal |
Plaintiff Cartier International A.G. is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “CARTIER Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| CARTIER | 0,411,239 | January 9, 1945 | IC 014 - Precious-Metal Ware-namely, the following articles made, in whole or in part, of Precious Metals or Plated With the Same; Jewel Boxes, Fobs, Bracelets, Watch Bracelets And Buckles Therefore, not including Watches, Cuff Links, Brooches, Earrings, Eyeglass Cases, Cigarette Lighters, Ash Trays, Envelope Openers, Wallets, Money Clips, Perfume Bottles, Desk Sets, Handbags, Key Chains, Finger Rings. |
| Cartier | 0,411,240 | January 9, 1945 | IC 014 - Articles of Jewelry for Personal Wear and for Precious-Metal Ware-Namely, the Following Articles Made, in Whole or in Part, of Precious Metals or Plated with the Same-- viz, Jewel Boxes, Fobs, Bracelets, Watch Bracelets and Buckles Therefor, Not Including Watches, Cuff Links, Brooches, Earrings, Eyeglass Cases, Cigarette Lighters, Ash Trays, Envelope Openers, Wallets, Money Clips, Perfume Bottles, Desk Sets, Handbags, Key Chains, Finger Rings |
| Cartier | 0,411,975 | February 13, 1945 | IC 014 - Watches and Clocks and Wrist Watches with Wrist Straps and Bracelets Attached for Securing the Same on the Wrist of the Wearer, and Traveling Clocks and Watches with Covers of Leather, Fabric and the Like for Protecting Them While Traveling |
| CARTIER | 0,759,201 | October 29, 1963 | IC 014 - Watches and Clocks |
| LOVE BRACELET | 1,005,286 | February 25, 1975 | IC 014 - Jewelry-Namely, Bracelets |
| 1,114,482 | March 6, 1979 | IC 014 - Articles of jewelry, watches | |
| 1,372,423 | November 26, 1985 | IC 014 - Bracelets | |
| 2,322,769 | February 29, 2000 | IC 014 - Watches |
| 3,162,410 | October 24, 2006 | IC 014 - Jewelry, Namely, Bracelets, Watches, Rings, Charms, Earrings | |
| BALLON BLEU | 3,476,888 | July 29, 2008 | IC 014 - Watches, Chronometers, Clocks |
| Leve | 3,637,776 | June 16, 2009 | IC 014 - Goods Of Precious Metals And Coated Therewith, Namely, Cuff-Links, Rings, Bracelets, Earrings, Necklaces |
| 3,776,794 | April 20, 2010 | IC 014 - Jewelry, Namely, Rings, Bracelets, Charms, Earrings, Made Of Precious Metals | |
| Cartier | 4,178,047 | July 24, 2012 | IC 014 - Jewelry and watches |
| 4,197,020 | August 28, 2012 | IC 014 - Jewelry and watches | |
| 4,483,522 | February 18, 2014 | IC 014 - Watches | |
| 4,487,142 | November 27, 2012 | IC 014 - Watches |
| 4,608,158 | September 23, 2014 | IC 014 - Watches | |
| 5,583,979 | October 16, 2018 | IC 014 - Jewelry |
Plaintiff Chloe S.A.S. is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “CHLOE Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| Chloe | 0,950,843 | January 16, 1973 | IC 010, 025, 026 - Ladies' articles of clothing for outerwear-namely, frocks, dresses, coats, costumes, suits, skirts, blouses, vests and pantsuits; vests, and ladies' shoes |
| CHLOE | 1,491,810 | June 14, 1988 | IC 018 - Handbags, Purses |
Plaintiff Lange Uhren GMBH is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “A. LANGE & SOHNE Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| A. LANGE & SOIINE | 2,430,848 | February 27, 2001 | IC 014 - Watches, watch movements, watch cases, and watch bracelets |
| 3,071,207 | March 21, 2006 | IC 014 - watches, watch straps, watch bracelets |
Plaintiff Montblanc-Simplo GMBH is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “MONTBLANC Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| MONTBLANC | 0,776,208 | September 1, 1964 | IC 016 - Fountain Pens, Cases for Fountain Pens, Ball Point Pens, Ball Point Cartridges, Ball Point Paste, Mechanical Pencils, Lead for Mechanical Pencils |
| 0,839,016 | November 21, 1967 | IC 002 - Fountain pen ink IC 016 - Fountain pens, cases for fountain pens, ball point pens, ball point cartridges, mechanical pencils, lead for mechanical pencils, desk stands for pens |
| MEISTGRSTUCK | 1,324,392 | March 12, 1985 | IC 016 - Fountain Pens, Ballpoint Pens and Mechanical Pencils Including Sets Thereof, All Made Partially with Precious Metals and Sold in Specialty Stores. |
| 1,878,584 | February 14, 1995 | IC 014 - Jewelry, watches and timepieces IC 018 - Purses, handbags, small leather articles and accessories, namely wallets and billfolds, and luggage | |
| MONTBLANC | 1,884,842 | March 21, 1995 | IC 014 - Jewelry, watches and timepieces IC 018 - Purses, handbags, small leather articles and accessories, namely wallets and billfolds, and luggage |
| STARWALKER | 2,759,073 | September 2, 2003 | IC 016 - Fountain pens, ball-point pens, pencils, felt-tip pens, rollerballs |
| Q | 2,975,592 | July 26, 2005 | IC 016 - Writing instruments |
| MONT° BLANC | 4,669,133 | January 13, 2015 | IC 014 - Jewelry; precious stones; precious metals and their alloys; cufflinks; tie clips; rings; bracelets; earrings; necklaces; brooches; key rings of precious metal; jewelry cases; boxes of precious metals; horological and chronometric instruments; watches; chronometers; clocks; small clocks; watch cases; watch bands; watch bracelets; key rings, trinkets, or fobs of precious metal IC 016 - Stationery; articles of paper or cardboard, namely, boxes, bags, envelopes and pouches for packaging; wrapping paper; writing instruments; pouches for writing instruments; cases for writing instruments; inks and ink refills for writing instruments; desk sets; writing books; calendars, note books, card and document files, announcement cards; writing paper, envelopes, index cards; business cards; writing pads; writing instrument holders; paperweights; diaries, cover for diaries, replacement papers for diaries; inkwells; check book holders, passport holders; document holders and cases; photo albums; bookends; money clips; writing cases for writing instruments IC 018 - Handbags, travelling bags, rucksacks, garment bags for travel, traveling sets comprised of luggage, suitcases, bags for sports, wheeled bags, wallets, purses, name cards cases, briefcases, attache cases, key cases of leather or imitation leather; travelling trunks; unfitted vanity cases; evening purses; leather straps; boxes of leather or leather board, trunks and suitcases; credit card holder |
Plaintiff Officine Panerai A.G. is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “PANERAI Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| PANERAI | 2,340,290 | April 11, 2000 | IC 014 - Chronometers, watches |
| RADIOMIR | 2,418,830 | January 9, 2001 | IC 014 - Chronometers; watches and clocks. |
| LUMINOR | 2,516,018 | December 11, 2001 | IC 014 - Chronometers, watches and clocks |
| 3,004,529 | October 4, 2005 | IC 014 - Boxes and cases for watches; chronometers, watches | |
| MARINA MILITARE | 3,174,281 | November 21, 2006 | IC 014 - Watches |
| 3,178,943 | December 05, 2006 | IC 014 - Watches | |
| 3,942,579 | April 12, 2011 | IC 014 - Watches |
| OFFICINE PANERAI | 4,009,035 | August 9, 2011 | IC 014 - Watches and clocks; watch accessories, namely, watch straps, and buckles for watch bands and watch straps. |
| 4,971,867 | June 7, 2016 | IC 014 - Watches | |
| LUMINOR MARINA | 5,763,549 | May 28, 2019 | IC 014 - Chronometers; watches |
| Panerai Submersible | 5,848,650 | September 3, 2019 | IC 014 - Chronometers; watches and clocks; watch movements; watch straps; watch bracelets; presentation boxes for watches; cases adapted for holding watches |
Plaintiff Van Cleef & Arpels SA is the owner of the following trademarks, which are valid and registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “VAN CLEEF Marks”):
| Registered Trademark | Registration Number | Registration Date | Classes/Goods |
| VCA | 1,584,572 | February 27, 1990 | IC 014 - Jewelry |
| 2,692,672 | March 4, 2003 | IC 014 - Jewelry; Watches | |
| 4,326,883 | April 30, 2013 | IC 014 - Jewelry | |
| 4,653,258 | December 9, 2014 | IC 014 - Jewelry | |
| 4,763,030 | June 30, 2015 | IC 014 - Jewelry; Rings; Pendants; Earrings; Necklaces; Bracelets |
Defendants' by operating Internet based e-commerce stores under Defendants' respective seller identification names identified on Schedule “A” hereto (the “Seller IDs”), have advertised' promoted' offered for sale' or sold goods bearing and/or using what Plaintiffs have determined to be counterfeits' infringements' reproductions or colorable imitations of the IWC Marks' JAEGER-LECOULTRE Marks' ROGER DUBUIS Marks' VACHERON CONSTANTIN Marks' CARTIER Marks' CHLOE Marks' A. LANGE & SOHNE Marks' MONTBLANC Marks' PANERAI Marks' and/or VAN CLEEF Marks (collectively “Plaintiffs' Marks”). See ECF Nos. id. at 66-70; [8-2] at 2; [8-3] at 4.
Although each Defendant may not copy and infringe each of Plaintiffs' Marks for each category of goods protected' Plaintiffs have submitted sufficient evidence showing each Defendant has infringed, at least, one or more of Plaintiffs' Marks. See ECF No. [8-1] at 66-70. Defendants are not now, nor have they ever been, authorized or licensed to use, reproduce, or make counterfeits, reproductions, and/or colorable imitations of Plaintiffs' Marks. See id. at 66, 69.
Counsel for Plaintiffs retained Invisible, Inc. (“Invisible”), a licensed private investigative firm, to investigate the promotion and sale of counterfeit and infringing versions of Plaintiffs' branded products by Defendants and to obtain the available payment account data for receipt of funds paid to Defendants for the sale of counterfeit versions of Plaintiffs' branded products. See ECF No. id. at 67; ECF No. [8-2] at 2; ECF No. [8-3] at 3. Invisible accessed the Internet based ecommerce stores operating under the Seller IDs and placed orders from each Defendant for the purchase of various products, all bearing and/or using counterfeits of, at least, one of Plaintiffs' trademarks at issue in this action, and requested each product to be shipped the Southern District of Florida. See ECF Nos. [8-3] at 4, [8-4]-[8-7]. Each order was processed entirely online, and following the submission of the orders, Invisible received information for finalizing payment for the various products ordered from Defendants to their respective financial accounts via their payee as identified on Schedule “A” hereto. (See id.) At the conclusion of the process, the detailed web page captures and images of the various branded products offered for sale and ordered via Defendants' Seller IDs, together with photographs of certain received products, were sent to Plaintiffs' representative for inspection. See ECF Nos. [8-1] at 4, 67-70; [8-2] at 2.
Defendants operate their respective e-commerce stores through non-party e-commerce marketplace platform Amazon.com, DHgate.com, eBay.com, and Wish.com. See ECF No. [8-3] at 4 n.1.
Invisible placed orders from each Defendant as identified on Schedule “A” hereto. However, Defendant Numbers 9 and 15 changed their seller identification names during the preparation and filing of the Application for Temporary Restraining Order in this case. See ECF No. [8-3] at 4, n.2. Defendant Numbers 9 and 15, together with their new seller identification names, are identified as such on Schedule “A” hereto. (See id.) Additionally, Defendant Numbers 7, 8, and 14 are also identified by the Business Name provided in their Amazon seller store, as the store names for Defendant Numbers 7 and 8 are in Chinese Characters and the store name for Defendant Number 14 has a special character. See id.
Certain Defendants blurred-out and/or physically altered the images of Plaintiffs' Marks on the products being offered for sale via their respective e-commerce store. The product Invisible received from these Defendants and/or the customer review photos for the item at issue reveal that the items bear Plaintiffs' Marks in their entirety. See ECF Nos. [8-3] at 4 n.3, No. [8-4]-[8-7].
Invisible was instructed not to transmit the funds to finalize the sale for the orders from the majority of the Defendants so as to avoid adding additional funds to Defendants' coffers. See ECF No. [8-3] at 4 n.4.
Defendant Numbers 1-15 operate via the non-party e-commerce marketplace platform, Amazon.com. Amazon.com is an e-commerce marketplace that allows Defendants to conduct their commercial transactions privately via Amazon's payment processing and retention service, Amazon Payments, Inc. As such, Defendants' payment information is not publicly disclosed. See ECF No. [8-3] at 4 n.5. Defendants Numbers 16-86 use the non-party e-commerce marketplace platform, DHgate.com. Invisible placed orders via DHpay.com which is a third-party payment service provided to customers using DHgate.com. Kathleen Burns, president of Invisible has personal knowledge from past investigations that “DHGATE” appears as the payee on credit card statements for individual transactions conducted with Defendants operating via DHgate.com. See id. Defendant Number 87 operates via the non-party e-commerce marketplace platform, eBay.com, and has its payments processed on its behalf using eBay Commerce, Inc. (“eBay”). As such, Defendant Number 87's payment information is not publicly disclosed and instead lists “eBay” as the named PayPal recipient for the transaction conducted with this seller. See id. Defendant Numbers 88-326 operate via the non-party e-commerce marketplace platform, Wish.com (“Wish”), which is operated by ContextLogic Inc. (“ContextLogic”). Kathleen Burns, president of Invisible, has personal knowledge from past investigations that “WISH” is the named PayPal recipient for individual transactions conducted with Defendants operating via Wish.com. As such, the payee for orders placed from sellers operating on Wish.com identifies “PayPal * Wish.” See id.
Under the direct supervision of Plaintiffs' representative, Emma-Jane Tritton, Incopro Limited's reviewing representatives reviewed and visually inspected the branded goods offered for sale by Defendants and ordered by Invisible via the Seller IDs by reviewing the e-commerce stores operating under the Seller IDs and/or the detailed web page captures of the products bearing and/or using the Plaintiffs' Marks, together with photographs of certain received goods, and determined the products were unauthorized versions of Plaintiffs' goods. See ECF No. [8-1] at 4, 67-70.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
To obtain a temporary restraining order, a party must demonstrate “(1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) that irreparable injury will be suffered if the relief is not granted; (3) that the threatened injury outweighs the harm the relief would inflict on the nonmovant; and (4) that the entry of the relief would serve the public interest.” Schiavo ex. rel Schindler v. Schiavo, 403 F.3d 1223, 1225-26 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Levi Strauss & Co. v. Sunrise Int'l. Trading Inc., 51 F.3d 982, 985 (11th Cir. 1995) (applying the test to a preliminary injunction in a Lanham Act case). Additionally, a court may only issue a temporary restraining order without notice to the adverse party or its attorney if:
(A) specific facts in an affidavit or a verified complaint clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the movant before the adverse party can be heard in opposition; and (B) the movant's attorney certifies in writing any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why it should not be required.Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1). Ex parte temporary restraining orders “should be restricted to serving their underlying purpose of preserving the status quo and preventing irreparable harm just so long as is necessary to hold a hearing, and no longer.” Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers Local No. 70 of Alameda Cnty, 415 U.S. 423, 439 (1974).
III. ANALYSIS
The declarations Plaintiffs submitted in support of their Application for Temporary Restraining Order support the following conclusions of law:
A. Plaintiffs have a strong probability of proving at trial that consumers are likely to be confused by Defendants' advertisement, promotion, sales, offer for sale, and/or distribution of goods bearing and/or using counterfeits, reproductions, or colorable imitations of Plaintiffs' Marks, and that the products Defendants are selling and promoting for sale are copies of Plaintiffs' products that bear and/or use copies of Plaintiffs' Marks;
B. Because of the infringement of Plaintiffs' Marks, Plaintiffs are likely to suffer immediate and irreparable injury if a temporary restraining order is not granted. It clearly appears from the following specific facts, as set forth in Plaintiffs' Complaint, Application for Temporary Restraining Order, and accompanying declarations on file, that immediate and irreparable loss, damage, and injury will result to Plaintiffs and to consumers before Defendants can be heard in opposition unless Plaintiffs' request for ex parte relief is granted:
1. Defendants own or control Internet based e-commerce stores operating under their Seller IDs which advertise, promote, offer for sale, and sell products bearing and/or using counterfeit and infringing trademarks in violation of Plaintiffs' rights;
2. There is good cause to believe that more counterfeit and infringing products bearing Plaintiffs' trademarks will appear in the marketplace; that consumers are likely to be misled, confused, and disappointed by the quality of these products; and that Plaintiffs may suffer loss of sales for their genuine products; and
3. There is good cause to believe that if Plaintiffs proceed on notice to the Defendants of this Application for Temporary Restraining Order, Defendants can easily and quickly change the ownership or modify e-commerce store and private messaging account data and content, change payment accounts, redirect consumer traffic to other seller identification names and private message accounts, and transfer assets and ownership of the Seller IDs, thereby thwarting Plaintiffs' ability to obtain meaningful relief.
C. The balance of potential harm to Defendants in restraining their trade in counterfeit and infringing branded goods if a temporary restraining order is issued is far outweighed by the potential harm to Plaintiffs, their respective reputations, and their goodwill as manufacturers and distributors of quality products, if such relief is not issued.
D. The public interest favors issuance of the temporary restraining order to protect Plaintiffs' trademark interests and protect the public from being defrauded by the palming off of counterfeit goods as Plaintiffs' genuine goods.
E. Under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), Plaintiffs may be entitled to recover, as an equitable remedy, the illegal profits gained through Defendants' distribution and sales of goods bearing and/or using counterfeits and infringements of Plaintiffs' Marks. See Reebok Int'l, Ltd. v. Marnatech Enters., Inc., 970 F.2d 552, 558 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Fuller Brush Products Co. v. Fuller Brush Co., 299 F.2d 772, 777 (7th Cir. 1962)) (“An accounting of profits under § 1117(a) is not synonymous with an award of monetary damages: ‘[a]n accounting for profits . . . is an equitable remedy subject to the principles of equity.'”).
F. Requesting equitable relief “invokes the district court's inherent equitable powers to order preliminary relief, including an asset freeze, in order to assure the availability of permanent relief.” Levi Strauss & Co., 51 F.3d at 987 (citing F.T.C. v. U.S. Oil & Gas Corp., 748 F.2d 1431, 1433-34 (11th Cir. 1984)); and
G. In light of the inherently deceptive nature of the counterfeiting business, and the likelihood that Defendants have violated federal trademark laws, Plaintiffs have good reason to believe Defendants will hide or transfer their ill-gotten assets beyond the jurisdiction of this Court unless those assets are restrained.
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, after due consideration, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Plaintiffs' Application for Temporary Restraining Order, ECF No. [8] is GRANTED as follows:
(1) Each Defendant, its officers, directors, employees, agents, subsidiaries, distributors, and all persons in active concert or participation with any Defendant having notice of this Order are temporarily restrained as follows:
a. From manufacturing, importing, advertising, promoting, offering to sell, selling, distributing, or transferring any products bearing and/or using Plaintiffs' Marks, or any confusingly similar trademarks, other than those actually manufactured or distributed by the Plaintiffs; and
b. From secreting, concealing, destroying, selling off, transferring, or otherwise disposing of: (i) any products, not manufactured or distributed by Plaintiffs, bearing and/or using Plaintiffs' Marks, or any confusingly similar trademarks; or (ii) any evidence relating to the manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, distribution, or transfer of any products bearing and/or using Plaintiffs' Marks, or any confusingly similar trademarks; or (iii) any assets or other financial accounts subject to this Order, including inventory assets, in the actual or constructive possession of, or owned, controlled, or held by, or subject to access by, any Defendant, including, but not limited to, any assets held by or on behalf of any Defendant.
(2) Each Defendant, its officers, directors, employees, agents, subsidiaries, distributors, and all persons in active concert or participation with any Defendant having notice of this Order shall immediately discontinue the use of Plaintiffs' Marks or any confusingly similar trademarks, on or in connection with all Internet based e-commerce stores owned and operated, or controlled by them, including the Internet based e-commerce stores operating under the Seller IDs;
(3) Each Defendant, its officers, directors, employees, agents, subsidiaries, distributors, and all persons in active concert or participation with any Defendant having notice of this Order shall immediately discontinue the use of Plaintiffs' Marks, or any confusingly similar trademarks within domain name extensions, metatags or other markers within website source code, from use on any webpage (including as the title of any web page), from any advertising links to other websites, from search engines' databases or cache memory, and any other form of use of such terms that are visible to a computer user or serves to direct computer searches to Internet based e-commerce stores registered, owned, or operated by any Defendant, including the Internet based e-commerce stores operating under the Seller IDs;
(4) Each Defendant shall not transfer ownership of the Internet based e-commerce stores operating under their Seller IDs during the pendency of this action, or until further order of the Court;
(5) Each Defendant shall preserve copies of all computer files relating to the use of any of the Seller IDs and shall take all steps necessary to retrieve computer files relating to the use of the Seller IDs that may have been deleted before the entry of this Order;
(6) Upon receipt of notice of this Order, the Defendants and all financial institutions, payment processors, banks, escrow services, money transmitters, or marketplace platforms, including but not limited to, Amazon Payments, Inc. (“Amazon), Dunhuang Group which operates the DHgate.com and DHPay.com platforms, Camel FinTech Inc, eBay Commerce, Inc. (“eBay”), ContextLogic, Inc., which operates the Wish.com website (“ContextLogic”), and their related companies and affiliates shall (i) immediately identify and restrain all funds in all financial accounts and/or sub-accounts associated with the Internet based e-commerce stores operating under the Seller IDs, store numbers, merchant identification numbers, and/or infringing product numbers identified on Schedule “A” hereto, as well as any other related accounts of the same customer(s); (ii) identify all other accounts which transfer funds into the same financial institution account(s) or any of the other financial accounts subject to this Order; (iii) restrain the transfer of all funds, as opposed to ongoing account activity, held or received for their benefit or to be transferred into their respective financial accounts, and any other financial accounts tied thereto; and (iv) immediately divert those restrained funds to a holding account for the trust of the Court.
(7) Upon receipt of notice of this Order, the Defendants and all financial institutions, payment processors, bank, escrow services, money transmitters, or marketplace platforms receiving notice of this Order, including but not limited to, Amazon, Dunhuang Group which operates the DHgate.com and DHPay.com platforms, Camel FinTech Inc, eBay, ContextLogic, and their related companies and affiliates, shall further, within five business days of receiving this Order, provide Plaintiffs' counsel with all data that details (i) an accounting of the total funds restrained and identify the financial account(s) and sub-account(s) which the restrained funds are related to, and (ii) the account transactions related to all funds transmitted into the financial account(s) and sub-account(s) which have been restrained. Such restraining of the funds and the disclosure of the related financial institution account information shall be made without notice to the account owners or the financial institutions until after those accounts are restrained. No funds restrained by this Order shall be transferred or surrendered by any financial institution, payment processor, bank, escrow service, money transmitter, or marketplace website, including but not limited to, Amazon, Dunhuang Group which operates the DHgate.com and DHPay.com platforms, Camel FinTech Inc, eBay, ContextLogic, and their related companies and affiliates for any purpose (other than pursuant to a chargeback made pursuant to their security interest in the funds) without the express authorization of this Court;
(8) This Order shall remain in effect until the ruling on Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction, or until such further dates as set by the Court or stipulated to by the parties;
(9) This Order shall apply to the Seller IDs, associated e-commerce stores, and any other seller identification names, e-commerce stores, domain names, or financial accounts which are being used by Defendants for the purpose of counterfeiting Plaintiffs' Marks at issue in this action and/or unfairly competing with the Plaintiffs;
(10) Any Defendant or financial institution account holder subject to this Order may petition the Court to modify the asset restraint set out in this Order;
(11) As a matter of law, this Order shall no longer apply to any Defendant or associated e-commerce store dismissed from this action, or as to which Plaintiffs have withdrawn their request for a temporary restraining order;
(12) Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(5)(D) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c), Plaintiffs shall post a bond in the amount of Ten Thousand Dollars and Zero Cents ($10,000.00), as payment of damages to which Defendants may be entitled for a wrongful injunction or restraint, during the pendency of this action, or until further Order of the Court. In the Court's discretion, the bond may be subject to increase should an application be made in the interest of justice;
(13) A hearing is set before this Court via Zoom video conference on June 21, 2022 at 10:30 a.m., at which time the Defendants and/or any other affected persons may challenge the appropriateness of this Order and move to dissolve the same and at which time the Court will hear argument on Plaintiffs' requested preliminary injunction. The link to join is https://www.zoomgov.com/j/1602286149?pwd=bUJKZjByUHI5RTRWSlUrTlpjcGlzZz09. Alternatively, the Meeting ID is 160 228 6149, and the Passcode is 638395.
(14) After Plaintiffs' counsel has received confirmation from the financial institutions regarding the funds restrained as directed herein, Plaintiffs shall serve a copy of the Complaint, the Application for Temporary Restraining Order and this Order on each Defendant by e-mail via their corresponding e-mail address and/or online contact form or other means of electronic contact provided on the Internet based e-commerce stores operating under the respective Seller ID, or by providing a copy of this Order by e-mail to the marketplace platforms for each of the Seller IDs so that they, in turn, notify each Defendant of the Order, or by other means reasonably calculated to give notice which is permitted by the Court. In addition, Plaintiffs shall post a copy of the Complaint, the Application for Temporary Restraining Order, this Order, and all other documents filed in this action on the website located at http://servingnotice.com/RaJ3tU/index.html and shall provide the address to the website to Defendants via e-mail/online contact form, and such notice so given shall be deemed good and sufficient service thereof. Plaintiffs shall continue to provide notice of these proceedings and copies of the documents on file in this matter to the Defendants by regularly updating the website located at http://servingnotice.com/RaJ3tU/index.html, or by other means reasonably calculated to give notice which is permitted by the Court;
In this Circuit, Rule 65 has been interpreted to require that a party have notice of the motion and hearing; perfecting service on a defendant is not a prerequisite to the entry of a preliminary injunction order. See Corrigan Dispatch Co. v. Casa Guzman, S.A., 569 F.2d 300, 302 (5th Cir. 1978); Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc. v. Wallace, 531 F.Supp.2d 1366, 1370-71 (N.D.Ga. 2008).
(15) Additionally, for the purpose of providing additional notice of this proceeding, and all other pleadings, orders, and documents filed herein, the owners, operators and/or administrators of the Internet marketplace websites and/or financial institutions, payment processors, banks, escrow services, money transmitters, and marketplace platforms, including but not limited to Amazon, Dunhuang Group which operates the DHgate.com and DHPay.com platforms, Camel FinTech Inc, eBay, ContextLogic, and their related companies and affiliates shall, at Plaintiffs' request, provide Plaintiffs' counsel with any e-mail address known to be associated with the Defendants' respective Seller ID;
(16) Any response or opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction must be filed and served on Plaintiffs' counsel forty-eight (48) hours prior to the hearing set for on June 21, 2022 at 10:30 a.m., and filed with the Court, along with Proof of Service. Plaintiffs shall file any Reply Memorandum twenty-four (24) hours prior to the hearing set for on June 21, 2022 at 10:30 a.m. The above dates may be revised upon stipulation by all parties and approval of this Court. Defendants are on notice that failure to appear at the hearing may result in the imposition of a preliminary injunction against them pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d), The All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, and this Court's inherent authority.
The Clerk of Court is directed to UNSEAL all docket entries in this case.
DONE AND ORDERED.
SCHEDULE A:
DEFENDANTS BY NUMBER, SELLER ID, AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNT INFORMATION
Def. No. Defendant / Seller ID Financial Account Information / Merchant Number / Transaction ID ASIN / Infringing Product Number 1 ANAVLIS STORE A1EQADDT4KS8JC B09NV14TRZ B09NTZCDZK 2 AnChus A1OR0ILZLKATCH B09FDXHKJF 3 ChangshunlongUS ABIO57H8ABGF1 B09Q8P16V7 4 Charm Jewelry Store A3QDG0YLEQLRH9 B09RZHHSHP B09RZWQCD9 5 chenenaiai A3OCF8JBMTIH37 B09H63FXH8 B09H64LFC6 6 chenglinduoladulinduola A272XO92VVBXBF B09WXWJMQN 7 Chengdu huashijiasi e-commerce Co., Ltd a/k/a (Image Omitted) AAK5JDLCEGQ25 B09WY422H9 B09WXRDLWH 8 HAIKOUSHIXUOMAOYIYOUX IANZERENGONGSI a/k/a (Image Omitted) A1RCOYNJ5N84SZ B09L7XS2SF B09L7XQJNV B09L7YCKRT 9 New Jersey NSW star jewelry firm a/k/a (Image Omitted) A1ZGYR6Z3ATRJX B09K43XCQ5 B09KPKZZC4 10 QINMANN AHDUE5DQCYAEN B09Q8RKKHH B09Q8P9RZB B09Q8P16V7 11 Tifferi-Jewelry-US A2M1COIHZP1WC0 B09P4RY6ZW 27 12 Top-Jewelry Shop AL1BXE0SCZQZF B09RWS7D9Q B09RZHHSHP B09RZWQCD9 13 US AYKONG E-Commerce Co., Ltd. A860D5F4CMA8O B09L8599RX B09L84GT3Y 14 wangxiaoguo a/k/a 8-15 Day AZXLJ335CATM7 B09JKCHM6M B09JK5FC91 B09JJS8FM8 15 YOUWENDU-Yoga Bra a/k/a YOUWENDU ADMKHSUHI2ZGJ B09SG9ZBNC B09SG8G8SF B09SG9DGNL 16 aalx 21742016 756435318 17 afya 21741990 750907570 18 ailemei502 21675871 731554409 19 booklist a/k/a dyson2021 20102264 747540118 20 buybrand 21535054 757422696 21 buygoodgift1 21755568 753812982 22 buyopizhdh 21726111 751649752 23 caiyunhengtong 7 20950714 753481980 24 clelo 19975942 537133948 25 cronystore 21747333 745314382 26 dafu06 21709897 735412838 27 dcfdh6619 21743558 755032234 28 dhgateroa 21741274 741757505 29 dhgatesbagsun 21610089 754011650 30 dhgateuyo 21748625 749170270 31 dhrdefeubuy 21725741 751781861 32 eva jewelry 21687875 703001543 33 fashion507 a/k/a Jewelry Factory 21739275 739062360 34 fashionaccessories21 21691185 725795909 35 fashions designers 21721338 728730738 36 fengyan82 21657176 698558582 37 fidget spinners 20683661 750756128 38 firsttimep 21715447 733562112 39 godisomnipotent 21772033 755559382 40 happyfamily2020 21429273 674324330 28 41 hi_luxuryleathershop a/k/a Luxury Leather goods 21655698 713488425 42 hotwatch818 21586733 597774083 43 hyt850725 21764267 754047467 44 ifamily899 21474796 743450730 45 iridescentshul 21742820 749574754 46 jerseyproshop 21062680 739876210 47 jewelry2030 21761723 752320994 48 jingua55 21667897 753472383 49 kingrise2022 21753947 755712328 50 kings 2021 21748289 753645128 51 kjlsdasasqws222 21198576 750363019 52 Linduo889 21750234 746738161 53 love12369 21752806 748054567 54 loveu jewelry 21406208 697242226 55 lrz97kj 14411455 725964446 56 lukastieljewelry 21714386 726852827 57 no16shoplee a/k/a designer bags shoes 21158596 754238945 58 nobbymarket 21743576 745797177 59 park888 a/k/a brand wallets 14394816 752054521 60 Parklondon 14770298 753279398 61 pb006 21755618 752980395 62 peacegod 21727283 734693541 63 peanut diary 21730563 736718197 64 phoenix_2021 a/k/a Luxurys Designers Bags & Sunglasses 21621802 753414667 65 phscarf 21595910 720415753 66 popular brand 21572398 711919037 67 Qiuti 18 21733558 739558463 68 red pomelo 21730560 736717548 69 serendipity 1 21742816 749565257 70 sexy cute 21772845 755531183 71 shenzhen18 20434328 754515251 29 72 ssd0002 21743736 753534704 73 stronghold3 21730569 736717944 74 sunglasses_watch99 a/k/a Luxury Jewelry Sunglasses 21715683 755679394 75 sunglassesshopsz 20908464 732432933 76 the mountain 21723576 733236320 77 tokb 21747848 752320510 78 unfamiliar51 21736460 742452737 79 vcx bacchanalian 21742833 748707588 80 vogue realm 21566480 688415966 81 w1618 21755601 749295445 82 xuliang03 21755977 749357971 83 yangyang63450 19710859 737315587 84 yunpintrade 21589554 753587135 85 yuxuanhengbrother 21638517 747340859 86 zezhi luxury jewelry 21722644 731482382 87 2sky store eBay Transaction ID: 5U7549412 B562015K 194417629121 88 Acusticshapi 5fda60de379e784b10d620b3 615d39cc9cdea2c40400fd29 89 adongmak 617526b312bb1f50f8835975 6188ec099de76ee35755b516 90 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