Opinion
Nos. 70-73.
Argued June 5, 1968. —
Decided June 28, 1968.
ERRORS to review judgments and orders of the circuit court for Milwaukee county: F. RYAN DUFFY, JR., Judge of county court of Milwaukee county, Presiding. Remanded.
For the plaintiffs in error there was a brief and oral argument by Robert H. Friebert, public defender.
For the defendant in error the cause was argued by E. Michael McCann, assistant district attorney of Milwaukee county, with whom on the brief were Bronson C. La Follette, attorney general, and David J. Cannon, district attorney.
These causes are before us on writs of error to review the judgments of conviction of Carol Rennet and Lloyd Rennet for attempted robbery and to review postconviction orders.
Lloyd and Carol Renner, husband and wife, were charged with the attempted robbery of Robert M. Staten. They were tried together in the circuit court for Milwaukee county on December 14 and 15, 1965, and both were found guilty by a verdict of the jury. Lloyd Renner was sentenced to five years at Waupun and Carol was sentenced to three years at Taycheedah. The basic facts are these:
The Renners met Robert Staten in a bar at about 9 p.m. on August 13, 1965. Following a conversation the Renners offered Staten a ride home, and the three of them went to Staten's apartment. An altercation over Carol Renner ensued, and Lloyd was shot three times by Staten. Renner claimed that Staten had proposed intercourse with Carol and that this precipitated Renner's assault. Staten claimed that the Renners attempted to rob and beat him and that he shot Lloyd Renner in self-defense.
Staten's version of the story is that he was solicited for an act of prostitution by Carol, and it was only after he said that he would pay only five dollars that the alleged assault occurred. Staten testified that after the altercation over the payment of money to Carol, Lloyd began to beat him up. Staten testified that Lloyd said, "Take every damn cent he's got," whereupon Carol reached into his pockets for money. Staten claims that he reached for a gun which was concealed under his mattress and shot Lloyd in the arm. He states that Lloyd continued to assault him, and he shot Lloyd two more times.
It was the testimony of Carol at trial that she was not present when the shooting affray commenced, but was in the bathroom, and that she returned to see Lloyd clutching his abdomen and fall to the floor, whereupon Staten shot him two more times. At trial Lloyd also testified that Carol was out of the room when the altercation commenced.
The principal problem in this case arises because of the conflict between the out-of-court statements given to the police by Lloyd Renner and Carol Renner and their court testimony. These out-of-court statements were used for impeachment purposes. Lloyd Renner's out-of-court statements materially damaged the credibility of Carol's testimony, since in his statement to the police he said that Carol was in the room at all times during the altercation. This statement was used to impeach not only Carol but the in-court testimony of Lloyd. Carol's out-of-court testimony consisted, among other things, of a statement that she would not have engaged in intercourse with staten because she was pregnant at the time. Her trial testimony revealed this statement, if given, to be false. Two statements were taken of Lloyd prior to trial.
Lloyd was shot at approximately 10 p.m. He was immediately taken to the Milwaukee County Hospital for surgery. Just prior to surgery he was questioned by Detective Sergeant Charles Gilbert. Gilbert stated that he advised Rennet of his constitutional rights, but he stated that Rennet "was in sort of a sleep at that time, not too responsive to any questions." Gilbert then prodded Rennet and asked him whether Staten (who was in the company of Gilbert) was the man that shot him. Lloyd said, "Yes," and when asked why he had shot him, Lloyd answered, "He wanted to screw my wife." The following morning, following surgery, at about 10:20 a.m. Gilbert again questioned Lloyd Rennet. Gilbert testified that at this time Renner's responses were clear and precise. It was during this second interrogation that Lloyd told Gilbert that Carol was in Staten's room throughout the shooting. This, of course, was in contrast to his subsequent trial testimony that Carol was in the bathroom.
Staten told a consistent story, which the jury believed, and a verdict of guilty was returned as to both defendants. The defendants have asked review by writ of error.
The principal contention of the state public defender on this appeal is that the statements of both Carol and Lloyd were involuntary. It is his contention that under the ruling of Jackson v. Denno (1964), 378 U.S. 368, 84 Sup. Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, 1 A.L.R. 2d 1205, and State ex rel. Goodchild v. Burke (1965), 27 Wis.2d 244, 133 N.W.2d 753, it was the duty of the court to make a preliminary determination of the voluntariness of the statements. Whether these statements are voluntary is governed by the "totality of the circumstances" test which we discussed in detail in Bradley v. State (1967), 36 Wis.2d 345, 153 N.W.2d 38, 155 N.W.2d 564.
The trial of this case commenced on December 14, 1965, prior to Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 86 Sup. Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, and thus the Miranda warnings are not applicable. While this trial was post- Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), 378 U.S. 478, 84 Sup. Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977, this court has taken the position that Escobedo requires that the defendant initiate the request for counsel.
It is the contention of the public defender that Lloyd Renner's statements, in view of the "totality of the circumstances," were involuntary as a matter of law. He points out that the first statement was taken just prior to surgery, when Lloyd Rennet was thought to be in extremis, and the second was taken following the surgery, when Renner may have been subject to postsurgical shock and under the influence of drugs or medication. The public defender correctly points out that the burden of showing voluntariness of a confession or pretrial statement is upon the state.
In respect to the statement of Carol Renner, the public defender does not urge that we find the statement involuntary as a matter of law, but he urges that a Goodchild hearing should be held to determine whether or not Carol's statements were voluntarily made. He contends that she was mentally upset and disturbed and under an emotional strain at the time her statement was taken.
The state in regard to the out-of-court statements of Lloyd Rennet confesses error and, while contending that we should not rule as a matter of law that Lloyd Renner's out-of-court statements are inadmissible, concedes:
". . . that defendant Lloyd Renner objected to the admission of any statements he made on the grounds that he had sustained a traumatic injury shortly before and that when the statements were to be admitted into evidence the trial court should have conducted a hearing on the voluntariness of the statements in the absence of the jury."
The state acknowledges that a remand to the trial court should issue, with the proviso that a new trial should be had if the statements were involuntary.
We decline to rule as a matter of law that Lloyd's out-of-court statements were inadmissible but acknowledge the propriety of the state's concession and conclude that the case must be remanded to the trial court for a Jackson v. Denno and Goodchild v. Burke hearing on voluntariness.
While Carol's out-of-court statements were not objected to, it is claimed by the state that the failure of counsel to do so constituted a strategic waiver and that, therefore, the admissibility of these statements should go unquestioned in this court. However, we see no evidence of a strategic waiver from the face of the record, and no objection is necessary to preserve a constitutional error if the failure to object was due to oversight. Henry v. Mississippi (1965), 379 U.S. 443, 85 Sup. Ct. 564, 13 L.Ed.2d 408; Holloway v. State (1966), 32 Wis.2d 559, 146 N.W.2d 441.
The inconsistency between Carol's court testimony and her pretrial statements is relatively minor, referring merely to the question of whether or not she was pregnant. We might in the usual case be constrained to conclude that, in the absence of a waiver, the error, if any, was harmless. However, the essence of this trial was the credibility of the complaining witness, Staten, as contrasted with the credibility of the defendants Carol and Lloyd Renner. Any impeaching evidence in this situation assumes substantial significance. Moreover, it is clear that, as with the statement of Lloyd, no attempt was made to properly qualify her statement by a Goodchild hearing; and, in view of the fact that we are remanding this case to the trial court for the determination of the voluntariness of Lloyd Renner's statements, we deem it appropriate to follow the same procedure in respect to the statements of Carol. We therefore conclude, as we did in Bosket v. State (1966), 31 Wis.2d 586, 143 N.W.2d 533, on remand of these causes to the circuit court, that court is to conduct a hearing on the issue of the voluntariness of the defendants' confessions and admissions to the Milwaukee police officers and make proper findings of fact.
Other questions are presented on this appeal which we need not decide pending the determination of the voluntariness of the statements of the defendants. Lloyd and Carol Rennet were tried together. The statements which we have referred to above of both Lloyd and Carol were mutually inculpatory. Since the statements of Lloyd differed from his trial testimony, and he thus was not subject to cross-examination on the out-of-court statements, the inculpatory evidence in the out-of-court statements was hearsay as to Carol. Likewise, any statements inculpatory of Lloyd made in an out-of-court statement that was not reiterated on trial was hearsay as to Lloyd. We have previously in this court adopted the rule of Delli Paoli v. United States (1957), 352 U.S. 232, 77 Sup. Ct. 294, 1 L.Ed.2d 278. See also Gronowicz v. State (1949), 255 Wis. 133, 37 N.W.2d 788, which permits the use of out-of-court hearsay statements not subject to cross-examination, provided that the jury is instructed that any portion of a defendant's out-of-court statement that inculpates a codefendant must be considered as hearsay and disregarded in determining the guilt or innocence of a codefendant. In the instant case no such instruction was requested, nor did the court sua sponte offer such an instruction. The recent case of Bruton v. United States (May 20, 1968), 391 U.S. 123, 88 Sup. Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed. 2d 476, held that the confession of one defendant inculpating the other defendant was inadmissible in a joint trial and that the hearsay error committed by the admission of such a statement could not be corrected by instructions. The Supreme Court of the United States, following the dissent in Delli Paoli, concluded that the admonitory instruction was a "futile collocation" that failed to sufficiently protect a defendant's sixth amendment right of cross-examination.
Subsequent to Bruton, the United States Supreme Court in Roberts v. Russell (June 10, 1968), 392 U.S. 293, 88 Sup. Ct. 1921, 20 L.Ed.2d 1100, held that Bruton is applicable to state prosecutions and is retroactive. The court in a per curiam opinion stated:
"In Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, decided May 20, 1968, we overruled Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232, and held that, despite instructions to the jury to disregard the implicating statements in determining the codefendant's guilt or innocence, admission at a joint trial of a defendant's extrajudicial confession implicating a codefendant violated the codefendant's right of cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. This case presents the question whether Bruton is to be applied retroactively. We hold that it is.
"The facts parallel the facts in Bruton. The petitioner was convicted by a jury of armed robbery at a joint trial with one Rappe in Davidson County, Tennessee. A police officer testified that Rappe orally confessed to him that petitioner and Rappe committed the crime. The trial judge instructed the jury that Rappe's confession was admissible against her but that her statements implicating petitioner were not to be considered in determining petitioner's guilt or innocence. The Tennessee Supreme Court affirmed petitioner's conviction. Petitioner filed a proceeding in federal habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. That court relied on Delli Paoli and denied relief. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed.
"Although Bruton involved a federal prosecution and this is a State prosecution, the right of cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment is made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400; Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415.
"`We have . . . retroactively applied rules of criminal procedure fashioned to correct serious flaws in the fact-finding process at trial.' Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 298. See Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335; Reck v. Pate, 367 U.S. 433; Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 639, n. 20; Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 727-728; compare Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1. Despite the cautionary instruction, the admission of a defendant's confession which implicates a codefendant results in such a `serious flaw.' The retroactivity of the holding in Bruton is therefore required; the error `went to the basis of fair hearing and trial because the procedural apparatus never assured the [petitioner] a fair determination' of his guilt or innocence. Linkletter v. Walker, supra, at 639, n. 20. As we said in Bruton: `[T]here are some contexts in which the risk that the jury will not, or cannot, follow instructions is so great, and the consequences of failure so vital to the defendant, that the practical and human limitations of the jury system cannot be ignored . . . . Such a context is presented here, where the powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant . . . are deliberately spread before the jury in a joint trial.' 391 U.S., at 135-136.
"Due regard for countervailing considerations — reliance on the old standard of Delli Paoli and the impact of retroactivity upon the administration of justice, Stovall v. Denno, supra, at 298 — does not counsel against retroactivity of Bruton. The element of reliance is not persuasive, for Delli Paoli has been under attack from its inception and many courts have in fact rejected it. See Bruton v. United States, supra, at 128-135 and nn. 4, 8, 10. And even if the impact of retroactivity may be significant, the constitutional error presents a serious risk that the issue of guilt or innocence may not have been reliably determined."
Inasmuch as we hold that the out-of-court statements fail to comply with Goodchild, we are not at this time confronted with the problems that arise under Paoli, Gronowicz, and Bruton.
In the event the trial court should determine that the admissions or statements were involuntarily made, the court is directed to vacate and set aside the judgments of conviction and sentence and grant a new trial. In the event the statements are found to be voluntary, the trial court is directed to return the record to this court for further consideration in light of the recent supreme court decisions.
By the Court. — The causes are remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.