Summary
In Reisig, the Supreme Court ruled that damages for the loss of an adult son were properly awarded in an action under the death act.
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Calendar No. 13, Docket No. 49,802.
Decided May 10, 1965.
Appeal from Berrien; Zick (Karl F.), J. Submitted January 10, 1964. (Calendar No. 13, Docket No. 49,802.) Decided May 10, 1965.
Case by John Reisig, administrator of the estate of Donovan Reisig, deceased, against Elmer Fred Klusendorf and Continental Can Company, a foreign corporation, for damages by reason of death resulting from automobile collision. Verdict and judgment for plaintiff. Defendants appeal. Affirmed.
Seymour Seymour ( Dalton G. Seymour, of counsel), for plaintiff.
Harvey, Fisher Troff ( Theodore E. Troff, of counsel), for defendants.
The issue here presented is whether an award for loss of the companionship of an adult son is proper under the wrongful death act. CL 1948, § 691.581 et seq. (Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp § 27.711 et seq.) Justice KELLY would overrule Wycko v. Gnodtke, 361 Mich. 331, upon the basis of the "judicial experience" gained since that decision.
In reply, no more really need be said than to refer to the reasoning of Justice TALBOT SMITH in Wycko and the fundamental proposition therein stated — Life has value. See, also, dissenting opinion of Justice TALBOT SMITH in Courtney v. Apple, 345 Mich. 223, 237. No "judicial experience" since then has demonstrated that this Court should not continue to permit adequate compensation for the wrong done nor has Justice KELLY set forth any in his opinion.
Justice KELLY'S citation of the majority opinion in Thompson v. Ogemaw County Board of Road Commissioners, 357 Mich. 482, for the proposition that it is necessary to show a "reasonable expectation of continued support" in order that the parent of an adult son or daughter may recover under the wrongful death act, overlooks the fact that since Wycko, while such showing may be made, it is not required, the loss of such an expectation being only one of several bases for computing damage.
Reference should be made to Currie v. Fiting, 375 Mich. 440. The issues there presented are the same as here, and, for the reasons expressed in that case, the verdict in this case should be affirmed, with costs to appellee.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and SOURIS and SMITH, J., concurred with ADAMS, J.
For the reasons I expressed in Currie v. Fiting, 375 Mich. 440, 456, I concur in the result reached by Mr. Justice ADAMS.
Donovan Reisig, a passenger in a car driven by a Mr. Stover, was fatally injured (July 12, 1959) when a car owned by Continental Can Corporation and driven by Elmer Fred Klusendorf collided head-on with the Stover car.
John Reisig, as administrator of his son Donovan's estate, began this action under the provisions of the Michigan wrongful death act (CL 1948, §§ 691.581-691.583 [Stat Ann 1959 Cum Supp §§ 27.711-27.713]), claiming damages by way of medical, hospital, funeral and burial expenses in the amount of $1,278.40, and an additional amount for pecuniary injury consisting of loss of companionship.
Plaintiff's decedent was 23 years of age, unmarried at the time of death, and resided with his parents. Plaintiff makes no claim for loss of services or support contributions.
Defendants asked the jury to answer the following special question:
"Do you find that plaintiff has proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant Elmer Fred Klusendorf was negligent in failing to drive his motor vehicle upon the right half of the roadway known as US Highway 31 and colliding with the motor vehicle in which plaintiff's decedent, Donovan Reisig, was a passenger?"
The jury answered this question in the affirmative and returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff for $10,000.
The record sustains the jury finding that the collision was caused by defendant driver's negligence, and we find no merit to defendants' claim that the court committed error in instructing the jury in regard to the presumption of negligence or failure to comply with statutory requirements while driving a motor vehicle.
Appellants contend the trial court erred in answering "Yes" to the following question:
"In a suit under the provisions of the Michigan wrongful death act, where the decedent is an unmarried, adult male residing with his parents, who are his sole next-of-kin, and who are not financially dependent upon or receiving support contributions from their son, may the jury award a substantial amount of damages for loss of companionship alone as pecuniary injury?"
In a written opinion denying defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and motion for new trial, the trial court called attention to the wrongful death act, which provides that the court or jury may give such damages as are fair and just with reference to the pecuniary injury resulting from such death, and said that previous to Wycko v. Gnodtke, 361 Mich. 331, "The meaning of `pecuniary loss' was well defined by a long line of cases"; "that the Wycko Case overruled all of the prior cases and set up an entirely new standard for the determination of pecuniary loss in death cases"; that "the old rule first came under bitter attack by the Supreme Court in the case of Courtney v. Apple, 345 Mich. 223, decided in 1956. The attack appeared in the minority opinion by Justice TALBOT SMITH, who wrote the majority opinion in the Wycko Case"; that "the old rule suffered its second severe attack in the case of Thompson v. Ogemaw County Board of Road Commissioners, 357 Mich. 482, decided in 1959."
Thompson preceded Wycko and was not a "severe attack" on the "old rule." The majority opinion stated (p 491) that the problem that divided the Court in Courtney did not exist in Thompson because in Thompson there was no need to consider a presumption as to damages as there was "substantial evidence tending to prove the pecuniary injury present in the instant case"; that there was a clear distinction between the services of a minor child and the contributions of an adult son or daughter and the opinion stressed the necessity of "reasonable expectation of continued support" as follows (pp 488, 489):
"The pecuniary value of such obligation, voluntarily assumed, has been recognized in Michigan case law. In the case of a dependent parent, proofs that a son 23 years of age had voluntarily undertaken and continued support were held to allow the jury to consider whether or not there was reasonable expectation of continued support in determining damages arising from the son's death. Judis v. Borg-Warner Corporation, 339 Mich. 313. See, also, MacDonald v. Quimby, 350 Mich. 21."
The minority opinion in Thompson adopted the "reasonable expectancy" test, but decided that (p 503) "No factual basis was established on which to predicate a finding of a `reasonable expectancy' that she would, after attaining the age of 21, make contributions to her parents or to either of them."
I agree with the trial court's conclusion that prior to Wycko, appellee would not be entitled to the damages awarded by the jury.
I disagree with the trial court that since Wycko those damages are justified because: (1) There is a vast difference between the facts in Wycko where a 14-year-old son, who helped his father run the farm, met his death, and where the facts in the present appeal did not even justify a claim for damages for loss of services or support contributions, and because (2) the facts in the present appeal negate any "reasonable expectation of continued support in determining damages arising from the son's death."
In both Courtney and Wycko, I voted with my Associates who did not favor abandoning what the trial court described as the "old rule." Judicial experience since Wycko strengthens my belief that the "old rule" is preferable to the rule we adopted in Wycko.
Twenty-six pages of the Michigan Reports were required to record the majority opinion of Justice TALBOT SMITH and the dissenting opinion of Justice CARR in Wycko v. Gnodtke, 361 Mich. 332-357, and 38 pages were required to record the opinions in Courtney v. Apple, 345 Mich. 225-262.
Eleven states have a statutory provision similar to Michigan's wrongful death act allowing damages for "pecuniary injury resulting from such death"; only three allow damages for "loss of companionship," or "loss of society," and Illinois guards against excessive verdicts by providing that the damages shall not exceed $30,000.
Arkansas, Illinois, Maine, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Vermont, and Minnesota.
Arkansas, Illinois, and Minnesota.
I am of the opinion that the time has arrived where this Court should reappraise and re-evaluate Courtney and Wycko, because only two of the present members of this Court were participating members when Courtney was decided in 1956, and only five of the present Court were members in 1961 when Wycko was decided, three of those five signing the majority opinion and two the dissenting opinion.
The case should be reversed and remanded with instructions that judgment notwithstanding the jury verdict be entered for defendants. Costs to appellants.
DETHMERS, J., concurred with KELLY, J.
For reasons given over my signature in Currie v. Fiting, 375 Mich. 440, 457, I would reverse and remand for entry of judgment in favor of plaintiff, limited in amount to the statutory damages as proven and denying recovery for alleged but unproven pecuniary injury. Costs on appeal should be denied.