Summary
In Reeder v. Sayre (70 N.Y. 181) the head note is as follows: "Also, held, that the complaint should have been amended by averring the character or rights in which the surviving plaintiffs continued the action, i.e., as survivors; but that as this amendment could have been made on the trial, it could be done here nunc pro tunc."
Summary of this case from Thrall v. Cuba VillageOpinion
Argued April 16, 1877
Decided June 19, 1877
Charles S. Baker, for the appellant. J. McGuire, for the respondents.
The plaintiffs entered upon the premises, relying upon an oral lease from Tuthill, the owner, for the term of two years' occupation of the premises, with the privilege of two crops of wheat. One of those crops would mature and be reaped during the term of two years' occupation. The other would not. It must have much of its growth and must be reaped after the two years had expired. The rent was fixed at $500 for each year. It was paid. The plaintiffs went into occupation, in pursuance of what passed, orally, between them and Tuthill. That oral agreement was void, by the statute of frauds, as to the term attempted to be created, or any interest in lands to be derived from it. (2 R.S., p. 134, § 6.) The right to take off a crop of wheat, after the two years had expired, though sowed before, was an interest in lands. ( Earl Falmouth v. Thomas, 1 Cromp. Mees., 89; Stewart v. Doughty, 9 J.R., 108.) So that the whole agreement was void, and might have been legally repudiated, as soon as it was made, by either party to it. But occupation of the lands was taken with the consent of the owner and the rent was paid to him, in pursuance of and under the void agreement. In such case the occupation inures, as a tenancy from year to year. ( Clayton v. Blakey, 8 T.R., 3; Thunder v. Belcher, 3 East, 449; Lounsbery v. Snyder, 31 N.Y., 514; Schuyler v. Leggett, 2 Cow., 660; The People v. Rickert, 8 id., 226.)
The agreement, though by parol, and void as to the term and the interest in lands sought to be created, regulates the relations of the parties to it in other respects upon which the tenancy exists, and may be resorted to to determine their rights and duties, in all things consistent with, and not inapplicable to a yearly tenancy, such as the amount of rent to be paid, the time of year when the tenant could be compelled by the landlord to quit, and any covenants adapted to a letting for a year. ( Doe v. Bell, 8 T.R., 579; 8 Cow., supra; Arden v. Sullivan, 14 Q.B. [Ad. El., N.S.], 832; Doe v. Amey, 12 Ad. El., 476; Berry v. Lindtley, 3 M. F., 498; Edwards v. Clemons, 24 Wend., 480.)
We are thus enabled to ascertain the relations to each other, of the Reeders and Tuthill, when Sayre the defendant came in, as the vendee of the premises by a valid contract of sale and purchase.
This was in June, 1872. The parol lease was in 1871; as may be inferred from April 1st of that year to April 1st of 1873. The Reeders had occupied for one year, from April 1st, 1871, to April 1st, 1872. No notice to quit had been given to them. No other act of Tuthill, the lessor, during the year 1871, had injuriously affected the rights in the premises of the Reeders. They were entitled to remain on and use the premises for the whole of the year 1872, and up to the 1st of April, 1873.
This alone did not give them, or retain for them, a right to sow in the fall of 1873 for a crop of wheat to be matured and reaped in the summer of 1874. The sure rights of a tenant from year to year, are, in each year, the rights which a tenant, by parol, for a single year has. A tenant by parol for a single year, has not at common law, nor save by express valid stipulation, or custom of the country, or estoppel in pais, a right to an outgoing crop; ( Wigglesworth v. Dallison, 1 Doug., 201; Gordon v. Little, 8 Serg. R., 533; Caldecott v. Smythies, 7 Car. P., 808; Stultz v. Dickey, 5 Binn., 285; Bain v. Clark, 10 J.R., 424; Demi v. Bossler, 1 Penn. Rep., 224; and see Harris v. Frink, 49 N Y, 24.) No local custom is shown. It is not hinted that there is a general custom in this State. We know of none, though it is otherwise in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, and perhaps some other States. (See Pennsylvania cases above cited, and Van Doren v. Everitt, 2 Southard, 460; Templeman v. Biddle, 1 Harring; 522.) The express stipulation was void and could be determined by the lessor's notice to quit. Whether there was an estoppel in pais, depends upon considerations yet to be offered.
It is true that a tenant holding by a tenure which is uncertain as to the time at which it will cease, is entitled to take off, after it has ceased, the crops which he has sowed in the due course of husbandry. But if it is certain at the time when he sows, how long it will continue, and it is plain that he cannot, before it ceases, reap that which he may sow, then it is his own folly if he sows ( Per Ld. Mansfield, Wigglesworth v. Dallison, 1 Douglass, 201), and he will not be permitted to reap. This rule does not give to the tenant any right by reason of his having ploughed, manured or otherwise prepared the ground for the seed, if he has not sowed. (See Stewart v. Doughty, 9 J.R., supra; Kingsbury v. Collins, 4 Bing., 202; Bain v. Clark, 10 J.R., 424.) We think that it matters not how it is made certain when an uncertain term will cease. It may be by the death of one for whose life the lands are held, or it may be by the giving of a sufficient notice to quit by one entitled to give it. A notice to quit terminates the tenancy on the day the notice expires; ( Rigg v. Bell, 5 T.R., 471.)
It is admitted by counsel arguendo, in Douglass, ( supra, p. 206), that when the usual crop of the country is such that it cannot come to maturity in one year, a right to hold over after the end of the term, in a parol demise, may be raised by implication. But no authority is cited; nor does it seem consistent with a statute which declares that no estate or interest in land, save a lease for a term not exceeding one year, shall be created by parol. (2 R.S., p. 134, § 6.)
They were entitled to remain and use through the year 1873 and up to the 1st of April, 1874, unless the occupation was sooner determined by mutual assent of them and Tuthill, or his successors in interest, or by a sufficient notice to quit from some one having legal right to give it.
It is said that so to construe is to make the lease interminable. It is interminable, save as it may be terminable, by the notice to quit of the lessor or the lessee; or by an actual or implied surrender. "In truth, he is a tenant from year to year, as long as both parties please," says Lord KENYON in Rex v. Inhabitants of Stone, (6 T.R., 295); Doe v. Wood, (14 M. W., 682).
A sufficient notice to quit, given in 1871, would have terminated their right of occupation on the first day of April, 1872; ( People v. Rickert, supra.) A sufficient notice to quit in 1872, would have terminated their right of occupation on the first day of April, 1873; and either of such notices, given before seeding, would have prevented the right to sow in 1873 for a crop of wheat to be gathered in 1874. For, in case of a tenancy from year to year, growing out of a parol lease void by the statute of frauds, the lessor has a right, in any year of the occupancy under it, to give a sufficient notice to quit and thus to terminate the tenancy on the last day of the rental year. A formal notice was necessary to terminate their holding, or to cut off the rights accrued and accruing to them from their occupation as tenants from year to year, under the void lease, except as hereinafter noticed. ( Bradley v. Covel, 4 Cow., 349; Jackson, ex dem., v. Salmon, 4 Wend., 327.) The notice to quit must have been for the end of some year of the holding. (4 Cow., supra.) In this case, for the first day of April, 1873.
So that we have before us in May, 1872, the Reeders, the plaintiffs, as tenants, and Tuthill, the owner, as landlord; the Reeders with the right to remain and use, through the year 1873 and up to April 1st, 1874, unless, in due time, a due notice to quit, is given to them by their lessor, or by some one succeeding to his rights.
Sayre then, or soon after, entered into a contract with Tuthill for the purchase of the premises. He had notice of the rights of the Reeders, and so, beyond a doubt, bought, subject to them. Sayre did serve upon the Reeders a notice. There is no particular form requisite in such a notice. If it fully apprise the occupant that the owner wills to determine the occupancy on the day named in it, it is all that reason, or the needs of the case, require. The notice given by Sayre did make known to the Reeders that he required full possession of the lands on the first day of April next after the date of it; which was on the first day of April, 1873. The notice, as a paper, was sufficient in form and substance.
And now comes in the query, whether Sayre, being only the vendee by contract, and not having yet a legal title to the land, could give a notice to quit, which would operate to affect the rights of the Reeders.
It is not so readily to be said what were their rights on and after that day. It is certain that a sufficient notice to quit, given in 1872, would have determined the tenancy from year to year on the first day of April, 1873. Sayre did give notice to quit, sufficient in form and substance, if he had a right to give that notice. But he was not, until after the day last named, the owner of the legal title. Before that he had but an equitable title, which might or might not become a legal title. The notice to quit may be given by anyone legally entitled to give it. (Cole on Eject., 42; Adams on Eject., 87: Pennington v. Cardale, 3 H. N., 656.)
The tenant is to act upon the notice at the time it is given; hence it ought to be such a one as he can act upon with safety. ( Right v. Cuthell, 5 East, 491.) The equitable owner of the title cannot give such a notice, for he may or may not fulfil the contract of sale on his part; or the vendor may not convey, and so the tenant may act upon the notice and still find himself bound for the next year's rent to the owner of the legal title.
A notice to quit may be given, either by the landlord or his authorized agent, ( Doe v. Browne, 8 East, 165); or any person legally entitled to the reversion, as assignee, devisee, heir, or executor, or receiver with power to let, but not, if he has only power to receive rents. If it be doubtful in whom the legal estate is vested, all should join in the notice. ( Doe v. Chaplin, 3 Taunt., 120; Doe v. Baker, 8 id., 241.)
We are therefore of the mind that Sayre, not holding the legal title, could not give an effectual notice to quit, which would be safe for the tenants to rely upon and conform to. It lay in their power to have given to Tuthill a notice to quit, which would have terminated the holding on the first day of April, 1873; but then they would have lost their privilege of a crop of wheat for that and the next calendar year. It is said in 8 Cow. ( supra), that by purchasing, the vendee stood in the same relation to the tenants as the vendor, the lessor, and had the same rights and powers. But in that case, there had been a conveyance of the premises.
But the question then is, was it necessary that the Reeders should have service of notice to quit, ending when the term would have ended by the parol agreement? In England it has been held, that a tenant from year to year, under an agreement for a lease for seven years, which lease was never executed, was not entitled to notice to quit at the end of the seven years, as the contract itself gave him sufficient notice. ( Doe, ex dem. Tilt. v. Stratton, 4 Bing., 446; Tress v. Savage, 4 Ell. Bl., 36.)
It has been held in this State, that under a valid lease, which fixed the length and ending of the term, no notice to quit was necessary. ( Allen v. Jaquish, 21 Wend., 628.) I know of no decision expressly holding that the same rule does not apply to a holding from year to year, begun under a void lease, which named a time for the termination of the tenancy; but see 4 Wend., ( supra).
But what was the time for the termination of the tenancy in this case? Was it the first day of April, 1873, or was it after the crop of wheat, sowed in 1872, was harvested? We think that it was not until the latter event that the whole interest of the Reeders in the lands terminated. They knew that their right to remain on the farm ceased, so far as the oral agreement gave right, on the first day of April, 1873. A surrender of the premises generally at that time, of itself made no difference in their right to an off-going crop. (9 J.R., supra. They also knew that the same agreement gave right to sow and reap a crop of wheat thereafter, and that this was a prolongation of their term. ( Beavan v. Delahay, 1 Hy. Bl., 5; Boraston v. Green, 16 East, 71.) Under the decisions above cited, they are held to no more than to take note of the time of the termination of their interest in the lands, and to govern themselves accordingly. Their interest in the lands, under an operative and valid lease, would not have ceased entirely until they had harvested and threshed the crop of wheat sowed in 1872. So that we are brought to the conclusion, that they had a right in the lands after the first day of April, 1873, which, while it could have been terminated by a sufficient notice to quit, given by one legally entitled so to do, could not be terminated in any other way. As Tuthill, the owner of the legal title, did not give that notice, the tenancy was not terminated. As for a consideration received by him, he assented to their sowing in the fall of 1872, and recognized their right to do so, he was estopped from denying their right to reap. As Sayre took no rights by his deed, greater than Tuthill had to convey, he could not rightfully interfere with the Reeders in harvesting the wheat and disposing of the grain to their own use. He having done so, without right, is liable to them for its value.
That the judgment was entered for the two surviving Reeders, without it appearing therein that it was for them as survivors of themselves and the one Reeder who was deceased, is not cause of appeal. It was an irregularity, which should have been taken advantage of by motion. The dismissal of the complaint on the trial, as to the administrators of the deceased Reeder, may have been on the ground that the proof showed a partnership, and not a tenancy in common, or it may not. Tenants in common, must join in an action for the conversion of the joint property. (1 Chitty on Pl., § 64.) Where one or more tenants in common are jointly interested when the injury was committed, the action must be in the name of the survivor or survivors. (Id., § 67).
The trial then proceeded in favor of the other two, as surviving partners, or as surviving tenants in common, and the judgment should have been so entered. It was no error of the court that it was not. It was a clerical irregularity.
It was not error to deny the motion for a nonsuit made after the complaint was dismissed as to the administrators. There are other reasons than that above given. The motion was not put, so far as appears from the appeal-book, upon any specific ground. It was general. In such case, if the objection taken on appeal is one which could have been met at trial, by amendment of pleadings, or further proof to be allowed in the discretion of the court, it will not prevail in a court of review. For it will be presumed that it would have been so obviated. The power of amendment of the pleadings is great under the Code. The real limitation to it seems to be, that the amendment shall not bring in a new cause of action. (Code, § 173.) An amendment, in this case at trial, allowing the plaintiffs to aver their character as surviving partners, instead of tenants in common, would not change the cause of the action. That remained the same, and required no different proof and no additional parties. It needed only that the character, or right in which the plaintiffs sued, should be differently averred. This could have been done at trial. It does not appear that it was done; but as it might have been, it may be done now, nunc pro tunc. ( Lounsbury v. Purdy, 18 N.Y., 515; Pratt v. H.R.R.R. Co., 21 N.Y., 305.) And it will be well, when the remittitur goes down from this court, that the complaint and the judgment, as entered, be amended so that the character in which the plaintiffs sue and recover should appear upon the judgment roll.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.