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Rathbun v. United States

U.S.
Dec 9, 1957
355 U.S. 107 (1957)

Summary

finding no privacy violation, of which the non-consenting party may complain, where a party to the phone conversation consented to another party listening to the phone conversation on an extension

Summary of this case from Tate v. Browne

Opinion

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT.

No. 30.

Argued October 29, 1957. Decided December 9, 1957.

Contents of a communication overheard by police officers on a regularly used telephone extension, with the consent of the person who is both the subscriber to the extension and a party to the conversation, are admissible in a criminal trial in a federal court; because such use of a regularly used telephone extension does not involve any "interception" of a telephone message, as Congress intended that word to be used in § 605 of the Federal Communications Act. Pp. 107-111.

236 F.2d 514, affirmed.

Thomas K. Hudson argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.

John F. Davis argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Rankin, Assistant Attorney General Olney and Beatrice Rosenberg.


This case concerns the issue of whether the contents of a communication overheard on a regularly used telephone extension with the consent of one party to the conversation are admissible in federal court. Petitioner was convicted of violations of 18 U.S.C. § 875 (b) and (c) for transmitting an interstate communication which threatened the life of one Sparks in order to obtain from him a stock certificate which Sparks held as collateral for a loan. On March 16, 1955, petitioner, who was in New York, spoke by telephone with Sparks, who was in Pueblo, Colorado. Anticipating another call from petitioner, Sparks requested that members of the Pueblo police force overhear the conversation. When petitioner phoned Sparks in the early morning of March 17, two police officers at Sparks' direction listened to the conversation on a telephone extension in another room of the Sparks home. This extension had not been installed there just for this purpose but was a regular connection, previously placed and normally used. At the trial the police officers testified over timely objection that during this conversation petitioner had threatened Sparks' life because he would not surrender the certificate. Petitioner was convicted and the Court of Appeals affirmed. 236 F.2d 514. We granted certiorari. 352 U.S. 965.

The grant of certiorari was limited to the following question, as phrased by petitioner: "Is the listening in of third parties on an extension telephone in an adjoining room, without consent of the sender, an interception of a telephone message, and the divulgence of the contents of such conversation prohibited by statute, to wit Sec. 605, Title 47, U.S.C.A." Implicit in this phrasing of the question is the fact that one party to the conversation did consent.

Benanti v. United States, ante, p. 96, determined that information obtained and divulged by state agents in violation of Section 605 of the Federal Communications Act is inadmissible in federal court. The pertinent portion of Section 605 states:

48 Stat. 1103, 47 U.S.C. § 605.

". . . no person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any communication and divulge or publish the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such intercepted communication to any person . . . ."

Since there was a divulgence of the contents of a communication, the only issue on the facts before us is whether there has been an unauthorized interception within the meaning of Section 605. The federal courts have split in their determination of this question. Some courts have held that the statute proscribes the use of an extension telephone to allow someone to overhear a conversation without the consent of both parties. Others have concluded that the statute is inapplicable where one party has consented. We hold that Section 605 was not violated in the case before us because there has been no "interception" as Congress intended that the word be used. Every statute must be interpreted in the light of reason and common understanding to reach the results intended by the legislature. Cf. Holy Trinity Church v. United States, 143 U.S. 457; American Security Trust Co. v. Commissioners, 224 U.S. 491. That principle would be violated if we attributed to Congress acceptance of the results that would occur here from the position argued by petitioner.

We do not decide the question of whether § 605 is violated where a message is intercepted but not divulged since the police officers did Page 109 divulge the contents of the overheard conversation when they testified in court. Cf. Benanti v. United States, ante, p. 96.

United States v. Polakoff, 112 F.2d 888; James v. United States, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 201, 191 F.2d 472; United States v. Hill, 149 F. Supp. 83; see Reitmeister v. Reitmeister, 162 F.2d 691.

United States v. White, 228 F.2d 832; Flanders v. United States, 222 F.2d 163; United States v. Sullivan, 116 F. Supp. 480, affirmed, 95 U.S.App.D.C. 78, 219 F.2d 760; United States v. Lewis, 87 F. Supp. 970, reversed on other grounds, Billeci v. United States, 87 U.S.App.D.C. 274, 184 F.2d 394; cf. Rayson v. United States, 238 F.2d 160; United States v. Bookie, 229 F.2d 130; United States v. Pierce, 124 F. Supp. 264, affirmed, 224 F.2d 281.

The telephone extension is a widely used instrument of home and office, yet with nothing to evidence congressional intent, petitioner argues that Congress meant to place a severe restriction on its ordinary use by subscribers, denying them the right to allow a family member, an employee, a trusted friend, or even the police to listen to a conversation to which a subscriber is a party. Section 605 points to the opposite conclusion. Immediately following the portion quoted above, the statute continues:

For example, in 1934 the Bell Telephone System, including affiliates, had 1,315,000 extension telephones out of a total of 13,378,000. In 1956 the System had 8,465,000 extension telephones out of a total of 50,990,000. Exhibit 1364 of the Federal Communications Commission Special Telephone Investigation; Federal Communications Commission, "Statistics of the Communications Industry in the United States for the year ended December 31, 1956."

". . . no person not being entitled thereto shall receive or assist in receiving any interstate or foreign communication by wire or radio and use the same or any information therein contained for his own benefit or for the benefit of another not entitled thereto . . . ."

The clear inference is that one entitled to receive the communication may use it for his own benefit or have another use it for him. The communication itself is not privileged, and one party may not force the other to secrecy merely by using a telephone. It has been conceded by those who believe the conduct here violates Section 605 that either party may record the conversation and publish it. The conduct of the party would differ in no way if instead of repeating the message he held out his handset so that another could hear out of it. We see no distinction between that sort of action and permitting an outsider to use an extension telephone for the same purpose.

See United States v. Polakoff, 112 F.2d 888, 889:
"We need not say that a man may never make a record of what he hears on the telephone by having someone else listen at an extension, or, as in the case at bar, even by allowing him to interpose a recording machine. The receiver may certainly himself broadcast the message as he pleases, and the sender will often give consent, express or implied, to the interposition of a listener." (Emphasis added.)
Note also that the regulations of the Federal Communications Commission which control the recording of telephone conversations presuppose that either party may record a conversation and declare that tariff regulations of telephone companies which bar the use of recording devices are unjust and unreasonable and so in violation of § 201 of the Federal Communications Act. In the Matter of Use of Recording Devices in Connection with Telephone Service, 11 F.C.C. 1033, 1053.

The error in accepting petitioner's argument is brought into sharper focus by the fact that Section 605 is penal in nature, the first violation being punishable by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or both. For example, it follows from petitioner's argument that every secretary who listens to a business conversation at her employer's direction in order to record it would be marked as a potential federal criminal. It is unreasonable to believe that Congress meant to extend criminal liability to conduct which is wholly innocent and ordinary.

48 Stat. 1100, 47 U.S.C. § 501. Additional violations are punishable by the same fine and not more than two years' imprisonment, or both.

Common experience tells us that a call to a particular telephone number may cause the bell to ring in more than one ordinarily used instrument. Each party to a telephone conversation takes the risk that the other party may have an extension telephone and may allow another to overhear the conversation. When such takes place there has been no violation of any privacy of which the parties may complain. Consequently, one element of Section 605, interception, has not occurred.

Affirmed.


Although this Court had, in Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, decided that neither the Fourth Amendment nor the general judicial principles governing criminal trials in United States courts barred evidence obtained through interception of telephone communications by law-enforcing officers without the consent of the sender, the Congress a few years later provided that

"no person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any communication and divulge or publish the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such intercepted communication to any person . . . ." § 605, Federal Communications Act of June 19, 1934, 48 Stat. 1064, 1104, 47 U.S.C. § 605.

If the judicial attitude that lies behind the phrase "strict construction of a statute," i. e., in favor of an accused, can have an emphatic illustration, it is found in the two Nardone cases, in which the quoted provision of § 605 was first given effect by this Court. We there held that the implications of that section bar even the most relevant and persuasive evidence obtained, without a sender's authorization, through interception by law officers, and likewise bar independently secured evidence obtained as a result of leads afforded by such interception. Nardone v. United States, 302 U.S. 379; 308 U.S. 338. The whole point of the vigorous dissent in the first Nardone case was directed against literal application of the phrase "no person" thereby "enabling the most depraved criminals to further their criminal plans over the telephone, in the secure knowledge that even if these plans involve kidnapping and murder, their telephone conversations can never be intercepted by officers of the law and revealed in court." Mr. Justice Sutherland, dissenting in Nardone v. United States, 302 U.S., at 385. The Court's opinion gave a short and decisive answer: "We nevertheless face the fact that the plain words of § 605 forbid anyone, unless authorized by the sender, to intercept a telephone message, and direct in equally clear language that `no person' shall divulge or publish the message or its substance to `any person.'" 302 U.S., at 382.

In this case, petitioner's conviction was based on the testimony of a police officer who listened in on a telephone communication made by petitioner, and such listening-in was not "authorized by the sender," to wit, the petitioner. It is suggested that the interception, for such it was, in the clear meaning of the term for carrying out its function — an intrusion by way of listening to the legally insulated transmission of thought between a speaker and a hearer — does not fall within the prohibition of § 605, because it was carried out by means of "a regularly used telephone extension with the consent of one party." But, surely, the availability of a "regularly used telephone extension" does not make § 605 inoperative. The fact that the Court relies on "the consent of one party" evidently implies that it would not be without the purview of § 605 for a police officer to conceal himself in a room of a house or a suite of offices having several "regularly used telephone extensions" and surreptitiously to utilize such an extension to overhear telephone conversations.

It is said that the overhearing in this case was "with the consent of one party." But the statute is not satisfied with "the consent of one party." The statute says "no person not being authorized by the sender." Since this Court, in Nardone, read "no person" to mean no person, it is even more incumbent to construe "sender" to mean sender, as was the petitioner here, and not to read "sender" to mean one of the parties to the communication, whether sender or receiver. It is further suggested that Congress must have been aware of the wide use of telephone extensions and the practice of listening-in on extensions. In the first Nardone case this Court rejected the argument that Congress had knowledge of the employment of federal agents "to tap wires in aid of detection and conviction of criminals." 302 U.S., at 381. But the Court refused to qualify the rigorous policy of Congress as expressed by its enactment. And today, in Benanti v. United States, the Court rejects, and if I may say so rightly, the plausible contention that the well-known legislative authorization of wire-tapping by some of the States ought to be deemed to have qualified the strict purpose of Congress.

It is suggested, however, that it is one of the accepted modes of carrying on business in our time to have secretaries listen in on conversations by their principals. A secretary may fairly be called the employer's alter ego. And so, a secretary is fairly to be deemed as much of an automatic instrument in the context of our problem as a tape recorder. Surely a police officer called in to facilitate the detection of crime is not such an alter ego. His participation in telephone communications when not authorized by the sender occupies precisely the same position that it occupied in the Olmstead case when this Court sanctioned the practice, and in the Nardone cases where this Court rigorously enforced the prohibition by Congress of what theretofore was a lawful practice.

Sharing the views expressed by Judge Learned Hand in United States v. Polakoff, 112 F.2d 888, and Reitmeister v. Reitmeister, 162 F.2d 691, I would reverse the judgment.


Summaries of

Rathbun v. United States

U.S.
Dec 9, 1957
355 U.S. 107 (1957)

finding no privacy violation, of which the non-consenting party may complain, where a party to the phone conversation consented to another party listening to the phone conversation on an extension

Summary of this case from Tate v. Browne

finding no privacy violation, of which the non-consenting party may complain, where a party to the phone conversation consented to another party listening to the phone conversation on an extension

Summary of this case from Craddock v. Hennessee

In Rathbun, the Supreme Court considered the meaning of “intercept” under a former provision of the Federal Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 605 (“No person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any communication and divulge or publish... such intercepted communications to any person.”), and held that no “interception” had occurred when one of two parties to a telephone conversation permitted a third party to surreptitiously listen on an extension line. 355 U.S. at 111, 78 S.Ct. 161.

Summary of this case from Huff v. Spaw

In Rathbun, the Supreme Court held that no § 605 interception occurs where a party consents to eavesdropping, 355 U.S. at 111, 78 S.Ct. 161.

Summary of this case from Huff v. Spaw

In Rathbun police officers listened on a regularly used extension telephone at the request of one party to the call, 355 U.S. at 108, 78 S.Ct. 161.

Summary of this case from United States v. Santillo

In Rathbun the Court considered whether a former provision of the Federal Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 605, was violated when one of two parties to a telephone conversation permitted a police officer to listen in on an extension phone.

Summary of this case from United States v. Harpel

Dissenting opinion of Frankfurter, J.

Summary of this case from DiPiazza v. United States

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, at page 109, 78 S.Ct. 161 at page 163 (1957), the Court stated that Section 605 "must be interpreted in the light of reason and common understanding to reach the results intended by the legislature."

Summary of this case from Bubis v. United States

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134, rehearing den. 355 U.S. 925, 78 S.Ct. 363, 2 L.Ed.2d 355, the leading case on section 605, the court held that there was no unauthorized interception where a third party, with the consent of only one of the parties to the conversation, listened on an extension telephone and later testified as to the substance of the conversation.

Summary of this case from Amsler v. United States

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 (1957), reh. den. 355 U.S. 925, 78 S.Ct. 363, 2 L.Ed.2d 355, the Supreme Court stated the issue in that case to be, page 107, 78 S.Ct. page 162 — "This case concerns the issue of whether the contents of a communication overheard on a regularly used telephone extension with the consent of one party to the conversation are admissible in federal court."

Summary of this case from United States v. Martin

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 (1957), the Supreme Court held that no "interception" occurred where a telephone conversation was overheard by means of an extension telephone so long as one of the parties to the conversation had consented to the overhearing.

Summary of this case from Laughlin v. United States

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 (1957), the Supreme Court, while not explicitly approving Billeci and similar holdings in other cases, impliedly approved that line of decisions.

Summary of this case from United States v. Pasha

In Rathbun v. United States, 1957, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134, it was held that the contents of a conversation overheard on a regularly used telephone extension with the consent of one party to the conversation did not constitute an unauthorized interception.

Summary of this case from Carbo v. United States

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 111, 78 S.Ct. 161, 163, 2 L.Ed.2d 134, the Supreme Court had occasion to consider the second clause of the statute under which appellants were convicted, and in language which is destructive of appellants' contention that the statute does not define a crime, the Court pertinently said: "* * * Section 605 is penal in nature, the first violation being punishable by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or both."

Summary of this case from Massicot v. United States

interpreting 47 U.S.C. § 605 and concluding that where one party to the communication consents to the overhear, "there has been no `interception' as Congress intended that word to be used"

Summary of this case from Gibson-Michaels v. Bair

In Rathbun the contents of a conversation overheard on a regularly used telephone extension, with the consent of one of the parties to the conversation, was found to be admissible in federal court.

Summary of this case from Smith v. Wunker

In Rathbun the Court held that even though the statute refers to authorization by the "sender" only, the receiver of a telephone call may also authorize another person to listen to a conversation.

Summary of this case from Huff v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company

In Rathbun the Supreme Court considered whether a former provision of the Federal Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 605, was violated when one of two parties to a telephone conversation permitted a police officer to listen in on an extension phone.

Summary of this case from State v. Tsavaris

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 (1957), rehearing denied, 355 U.S. 925, 78 S.Ct. 363 (1958), at the request of an extortion victim, the police used an extension phone to listen while the victim called the defendant.

Summary of this case from Adams v. State

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134, the court stated (pp. 109-111) that the contents of a conversation overheard by a police officer on a telephone extension with the consent of the subscriber, who was also a party to the conversation, was admissible in a federal criminal trial, inasmuch as such a use of a telephone extension was not an "interception" within the meaning of 605 of the Federal Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 605.

Summary of this case from State v. DeMartin

In Rathbun, the Court held that "the contents of a communication overheard on a regularly used telephone extension with the consent of one party to the conversation are admissible in federal court".

Summary of this case from People v. Beavers

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 (1957), it was held that where the party receiving a telephone message consented to the listening thereto by another person or an extension line, this did not constitute an unauthorized interception of the communication forbidden by the statute.

Summary of this case from Harmon v. Commonwealth

In Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 109-111, there was found no interception of the type then and now forbidden by 47 U.S.C. § 605 (1964).

Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Douglas

In Rathbun the Supreme Court of the United States held that § 605 of the Federal Communications Act does not proscribe and hence preclude admission into evidence of testimony of a police officer who listened on an extension phone to a conversation of the defendant with a person who had consented to the overhearing.

Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Murray

In Rathbun the court observed that "Each party to a telephone conversation takes the risk that the other party may have an extension telephone and may allow another to overhear the conversation."

Summary of this case from State v. Giardina
Case details for

Rathbun v. United States

Case Details

Full title:RATHBUN v . UNITED STATES

Court:U.S.

Date published: Dec 9, 1957

Citations

355 U.S. 107 (1957)
78 S. Ct. 161

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