Summary
allowing amendment to assert "Monell claim based on the 'stop and frisk program' of New York City, which was in full swing at the time of th[e] incident"
Summary of this case from Dunham v. OliverOpinion
12–CV–7294 (VEC)
2016-01-22
Gene RAGUSA, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, Raymond Kelly, Michael Bloomberg, Mathew Perrone, Ahmed Khan, and Kevin Dimino, Defendants.
Michael Patrick Mitchell, John A. Nathanson, Shearman & Sterling LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
Michael Patrick Mitchell, John A. Nathanson, Shearman & Sterling LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
OPINION AND ORDER
VALERIE CAPRONI, United States District Judge:
Gene Ragusa sued Mathew Perone, Ahmed Khan, and Kevin Dimino (the "Defendants"), all members of the New York City Police Department, for violating his civil rights in connection with a car stop that occurred on June 29, 2011. The case was tried by a jury, and the jury returned a verdict of $40,001.00 for Plaintiff. The Plaintiff also alleges claims pursuant to Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. , 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), against the City of New York, Michael Bloomberg, and Raymond Kelly (the " Monell Defendants" or " Monell Claims"). The Monell claims were severed before trial. Defendants now move (1) to dismiss Plaintiff's remaining Monell Claims; and (2) to reduce the jury verdict and award pursuant to Rule 59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Defendants' Motion is DENIED.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On June 29, 2011, Plaintiff was pulled over by the Defendants around midnight in Brooklyn, New York for no legitimate law enforcement reason. Trial Tr. 30:4–31:21. The Defendants were in plain clothes, and Plaintiff could not see the officer's badges or badge numbers. Id. 31:1–16; 40:9–41:10. According to the Plaintiff, the officers were aggressive; they swore at him and Officer Perrone tried forcibly to pull him from the car (Ragusa had his seat belt on, thwarting the officer's efforts physically to remove him from the car). Id. 32:23–33:20. Plaintiff testified that he suffered significant pain to his shoulder, arm, and neck as a result of the officer attempting to pull him from the car. Id. 33:21–34:3; 50:2–10.
After the officer tried to drag him from the car, Ragusa removed his seat belt and got out. Id. 34:4–8.
Officer Khan conducted a pat-down of Plaintiff, searched his pockets, and then ordered him to empty the contents of his pockets. Id. 35:18–37:24. Plaintiff was detained for approximately fifteen to twenty-five minutes before the Defendants said he could go. Id. 48:14–19; 65:1–4. Plaintiff continued to suffer shoulder pain and a limited range of motion for one to two weeks following the incident. Plaintiff did not seek medical treatment. Id. 50:8–15; 53:19–24; 66:8–24. At the time of trial, Plaintiff had recovered from his injuries. Id. 50:14–15.
The jury heard only Plaintiff's version of the events as the Defendants professed to have no recollection of the stop. They testified solely on the basis of their memo books and a "Stop, Question and Frisk Report Worksheet," or "UF–250," that had been prepared by Officer Perrone around the time of the events.
Plaintiff also testified to various mental and emotional injuries from the incident. He explained that, because the officers were in plain-clothes and he could not clearly see their badges, he was scared because he was not sure they were actually police officers and thought they might be robbing him. Id. 51:6–16. Plaintiff testified that his mental and emotional injuries included insomnia, anxiety, and fear of being pulled over and mistreated again. Id. 50:18–51:23. Plaintiff indicated that this fear causes him to drive less, and he suffers anxiety when he hears sirens. Id. 52:19–53:4; 51:19–23. Plaintiff did not seek medical or psychological care for these mental and emotional symptoms. Id. 53:19–24.
The jury found that Plaintiff proved that each of the individual officers stopped him without reasonable suspicion, id. 241:19–242:1, and that Officer Khan frisked him without reasonable suspicion or in a manner that went beyond a "frisk," id. 242:2–5. The jury also found, however, that Plaintiff did not prove that his vehicle was searched without probable cause. Id. 242:6–11. In terms of damages, the jury found that the unlawful stop was the proximate cause of injury and awarded Plaintiff $40,000.00 in compensatory damages, id. 242:12–18, but also found that the unlawful frisk was not the proximate cause of any injury and therefore awarded him $1.00 in nominal damages on that claim. Id. 242:19–243:1. Finally, the jury found that the Plaintiff did not prove that any Defendant acted maliciously or wantonly. Id. 243:2–17.
After the verdict was announced, Defendants moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which this Court denied from the bench as against the weight of the evidence. Id. 246:12–24. Defendants also moved to alter the verdict as excessive and to dismiss Plaintiff's Monell Claims.
In addressing the Defendants' Motion, the Court refers to each party's brief-in-chief, response, and reply as Party "Mem.," "Opp'n," and "Reply" respectively.
I. Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Monell Claims is Denied
Defendants first argue that the Court should dismiss Plaintiff's Monell Claims because the law does not permit double recovery for compensatory damages and Plaintiff's injuries from the unlawful stop have already been compensated through the jury's award. Defs. Mem. at 6 (citing Bender v. City of New York , 78 F.3d 787, 793 (2d Cir. 1996) ). Plaintiff concedes that an injury can only be compensated once, Pl. Opp'n at 7, but argues that his interest in obtaining a judgment against the City is not fully vindicated by a verdict against individual officers. Plaintiff asserts that he could proceed against the Monell Defendants for nominal damages and injunctive or other equitable relief arising from their alleged unlawful practices. Id. at 7–8. Plaintiff requests that he be allowed to again amend his complaint specifically to request this alternative relief. Id. at 8.
Plaintiff, acting pro se, amended his Complaint once before. Am. Compl. (Dkt. 20).
As the Amended Complaint currently stands, the Court questions whether Plaintiff has actually stated a claim pursuant to Monell . When a party requests leave to amend, however, permission is freely given when justice so requires. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 15(a)(2) ; see also Foman v. Davis , 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). That is particularly true for pro se plaintiffs. Grullon v. City of New Haven , 720 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Chavis v. Chappius , 618 F.3d 162, 170 (2d Cir. 2010) ).
Having succeeded on his individual claim (the hurdle that trips up many 1983 plaintiffs), Plaintiff might be able to state a Monell claim based on the "stop and frisk program" of New York City, which was in full swing at the time of this incident. Am. Compl. at III(C). Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiff, who is now represented by able pro bono counsel, leave to amend his complaint against the Monell Defendants. To the extent that the new Amended Complaint fails to state a claim, the Monell Defendants are, of course, free to move to dismiss.
Defendants argue that "allowing plaintiff to pursue further claims against the City would serve no societal function, and would only cost the City of New York and its taxpayer-citizens additional expense—in the form of attorney's fees and costs—for an issue which has already been litigated" in Floyd v. City of New York, 959 F.Supp.2d 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). Defs. Reply at 4–5. The Defendants may be right, but it is not clear to the Court whether Floyd dealt with car stops that were falsely represented to be Terry stops of pedestrians. Moreover, it is unclear whether the reforms of the NYPD's policies and procedures that grew out of Floyd dealt with car stops at all. Whether the stop and frisk policy damaged Mr. Ragusa and whether he might be entitled to injunctive relief remain issues to be decided after Plaintiff files a Second Amended Complaint addressing his Monell claims.
II. The Jury's $40,000.00 Award Does Not Shock the Judicial Conscience
Defendants argue that "[i]n light of the limited length of Plaintiff's detention and the limited extent of alleged damages, the jury's verdict is intrinsically excessive and shocking to the judicial conscience, and should therefore be reduced ... to, at most, $5,000, which is still more than the average award for a stop of such a short duration." Defs. Mem. at 8, 11. Plaintiff, however, responds that Defendants' suggested amount reflects "a flawed and narrow analysis of the comparable awards and fails to fairly acknowledge the various categories of injuries suffered by Mr. Ragusa." Pl. Opp'n at 9. The Court agrees that Defendants have not met the high threshold of demonstrating that the award should be reduced.
Under Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a district court has discretion to alter or amend a judgment "to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice." Munafo v. Metro. Transp. Auth. , 381 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). " ‘This discretion includes overturning verdicts for excessiveness and ordering a new trial without qualification, or conditioned on the verdict winner's refusal to agree to a reduction (remittitur).’ " Kirsch v. Fleet St., Ltd. , 148 F.3d 149, 165 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc. , 518 U.S. 415, 433, 116 S.Ct. 2211, 135 L.Ed.2d 659 (1996) ). "Courts ‘are constrained to give due deference to the fact-finding role of the jury when reviewing a claim of excessive damages.’ " Thomas v. Kelly , 903 F.Supp.2d 237, 262 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Gardner v. Federated Dep't Stores, Inc. , 907 F.2d 1348, 1353 (2d Cir. 1990) ); see also Ahlf v. CSX Transp., Inc. , 386 F.Supp.2d 83 (N.D.N.Y. 2005) (" ‘A jury verdict is not, certainly, something lightly to be set aside.’ " (quoting Nairn v. Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. , 837 F.2d 565, 566 (2d Cir. 1988) ). "Where there is no particular discernable error, [the Second Circuit has] generally held that a jury's damage award may not be set aside as excessive unless ‘the award is so high as to shock the judicial conscience and constitute a denial of justice.’ " Kirsch , 148 F.3d at 165 (quoting O'Neill v. Krzeminski , 839 F.2d 9, 13 (2d Cir. 1988) ); see also Sinkov v. Americor, Inc. , 419 Fed.Appx. 86, 92–93 (2d Cir. 2011) (summary order).
Defendants urge the Court to consider the more restrictive standard under New York law that the jury award is " ‘excessive or inadequate if it deviates materially from what would be reasonable compensation.’ " Defs. Mem. at 9–10 (quoting N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5501(c) ); Defs. Reply at 5. But because the court exercised federal question jurisdiction to adjudicate Plaintiff's claims, it is the federal standard that governs. Scala v. Moore McCormack Lines, Inc., 985 F.2d 680, 683 n.7 (2d Cir. 1993) ; see also Trivedi v. Cooper, No. 95 Civ. 2075 (DLC), 1996 WL 724743, at *6 n. 2, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18715, at *16 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 1996) ("Since this Court had federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, I will apply federal law in determining the excessiveness of the award. If this was a diversity case, I would apply New York law.").
To determine whether an award shocks the judicial conscience, "courts canvass the amounts awarded in comparable cases and determine whether the award falls within the reasonable range." Guzman v. Jay , 303 F.R.D. 186, 197 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (internal quotations omitted); see also Sinkov , 419 Fed.Appx. at 93 (To determine if a compensatory award is "so large as to shock the judicial conscience, [the court] look[s] to other awards in similar cases."). This determination is fact specific and inherently imprecise. "In determining whether a particular award is excessive, courts have reviewed awards in other cases involving similar injuries, ‘bearing in mind that any given judgment depends on a unique set of facts and circumstances.’ " Scala , 985 F.2d at 684 (quoting Nairn , 837 F.2d at 568 ); Thomas v. Kelly , 903 F.Supp.2d at 262. " ‘Because there is no precise way in which to calculate damages for pain and suffering, the jury's award should not be disturbed unless ‘the quantum of damages found by a jury is clearly outside the maximum limit of a reasonable range.’ " Guzman , 303 F.R.D. at 197 (quoting Ahlf , 386 F.Supp.2d at 87 ). Therefore, a court inquires simply whether the award is within a reasonable range. Sinkov , 419 Fed.Appx. at 93. ("[O]ur task is not to balance the number of high and low awards and reject the verdict in the instant case if the number of lower awards is greater" but instead to "inquire whether the ... verdict is within reasonable range." (internal quotation omitted)) "A verdict shocks the judicial conscience ‘only if it surpasses an upper limit, and whether that has been surpassed is not a question of fact with respect to which reasonable persons may differ, but a question of law.’ " Guzman , 303 F.R.D. at 197 (quoting Ahlf , 386 F.Supp.2d at 87 ).
The Court is persuaded that $40,000 is within the reasonable range of compensatory damages. In Graham v. City of New York , 128 F.Supp.3d 681, 714–15 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), the court upheld a jury award of $150,000 in compensatory damages for false arrest. The court wrote: "While the parties failed to bring to the Court's attention any case directly comparable to this one, $150,000 is within the range of reasonable awards for Plaintiff's combined injuries including (1) approximately one hour of lost liberty, (2) some minor physical pain and injury, and (3) past and future emotional harm, including fear, panic and humiliation." Id. at 715. In Thomas v. Kelly , 903 F.Supp.2d at 262–63, the court recognized that an individual subjected to a false arrest was entitled to two types of compensatory damages: (1) for loss of liberty and (2) for physical and emotional distress. The court upheld a jury's award of $125,000 in compensatory damages for false arrest when plaintiff was physically restrained in the snow for approximately forty-five minutes, stepped on and kicked, placed in a restraint jacket, strapped to a stretcher, and civilly committed for mental health issues. Id. at 264–65. In Gardner v. Federated Dep't Stores, Inc. , 907 F.2d 1348 (2d Cir. 1990), the jury had awarded plaintiff compensatory damages of $150,000 for deprivation of liberty and another $150,000 for pain and suffering when he was detained for approximately eight hours and suffered physical and emotional injury from being punched and berated, id. at 1350–51 ; the Second Circuit remitted the compensatory damages award of $150,000 for loss of liberty to $50,000; but upheld the $150,000 for pain and suffering, id. at 1353.
Defendants cite numerous cases in their opening brief to support their position that $40,000.00 is excessive. But the Court finds these cases inapposite. Without going through each, the Court notes that the jury's $100.00 award of compensatory damages for an unlawful arrest was not at issue in Cabral v. City of New York, No. 12 Civ. 4659 (LGS), 2015 WL 4750675 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 11, 2015). The issue in Cabral was the reasonableness of the jury's award of punitive damages, which requires a very different analysis. Punitive, not compensatory, damages, were also at issue in Hardy v. City of Milwaukee, 88 F.Supp.3d 852 (E.D. Wis. 2015), and Jacox v. Johnson, No. 1-02-1163-T, 2004 WL 1070676, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8772 (W.D. Tenn. May 4, 2004). In Willowby v. City of Philadelphia, 946 F.Supp. 369 (E.D. Pa. 1996), and Smith v. City of Oakland, Nos. C 07–6298 MHP; C 07–4179 MHP, 2011 WL 3360451, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85989 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2011), the court, not a jury, awarded the plaintiffs compensatory damages that Defendants here identify as much lower than the jury's award. To the extent that Defendants are relying on these cases to pinpoint lower compensatory damages awards than the jury awarded here, the Court finds these cases unpersuasive on the question of whether this jury's award was excessive. There is a range of reasonableness in compensatory damages awards. While a lower verdict would have been reasonable, that does not mean the jury's verdict here was unreasonable.
An appeal was dismissed without prejudice after the district court vacated the jury verdict and ordered a new trial upon learning that the plaintiff had agreed to give a portion of any verdict to one of the witnesses if she testified favorably on his behalf. See Thomas v. City of New York, 293 F.R.D. 498, 500–01 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).
Defendants argue that the cases cited by Plaintiff "actually support the fact that [Plaintiff's] award is excessive and unreasonable" and argue for reductions of the awards in those cases to conform to the facts in the instant case, e.g. , Ragusa was held for half as long as the plaintiff in X case so the verdict in that case should be reduced by 50%; further reductions should be taken for other factual differences, etc. Defs. Reply at 7–10. But Defendants' overly-formulaic arguments are inconsistent with the case law, which recognizes that mechanical calculations ignore the fact that the Court must consider the unique circumstances of each case. As Judge Sullivan put it in Abdell v. City of New York , No. 05-cv-8453 (RJS), 2014 WL 3858319, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2014) : "There is ... no requirement that a jury compute damages on an hourly basis. The jury could have rationally determined that the injury of being wrongfully arrested and imprisoned—fear, uncertainty, shame, and loss of dignity and agency—is approximately the same whether the detention lasted 20 hours or 40 hours."
The Court is also not persuaded by Defendants' argument that the verdict is excessive because Plaintiff "provided absolutely no support other than his own self-serving testimony that he actually did suffer the emotional injuries he claims...." Defs. Mem. at 14. First, who better than the Plaintiff to describe the physical and psychological impact of being manhandled by the Defendants? The Defendants may think his testimony was self-serving and not credible, but the jury found to the contrary. Moreover, as Plaintiff notes, in a "garden variety" emotional distress claim, "the evidence of mental suffering is generally limited to the testimony of the plaintiff, who describes his or her injury in vague or conclusory terms, without relating either the severity or consequences of the injury," and courts have recognized that such claims can often merit awards of $30,000.00 to $125,000.00. Roberts, v. United Parcel Serv., Inc. , 115 F.Supp.3d 344, 372–73 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). Even if this jury's award were limited to emotional distress damages, it would fall within the reasonable range. But here, the jury's award of compensatory damages was not limited to a single category of injury. The jury heard testimony about a variety of injuries, including: (1) the violation of his rights by being wrongfully stopped and held for fifteen to twenty-five minutes; (2) being cursed at and forcefully pulled from his car in a way that caused physical pain; and (3) emotional distress—fear, anxiety, insomnia—caused by a late night unpleasant encounter with people who are supposed to protect and serve, not abuse and berate. The jury awarded Plaintiff $40,000.00 in compensatory damages in light of all of Plaintiff's injuries, not just his emotional distress.
The Court notes, moreover, that Defendants presented to the jury the arguments that they make in their post-trial briefs; the jury heard the arguments but still awarded $40,000.00 in compensatory damages. "While a jury has broad discretion in measuring damages, it ‘may not abandon analysis for sympathy for a suffering plaintiff and treat an injury as though it were a winning lottery ticket.’ " Scala , 985 F.2d at 684 (quoting Nairn , 837 F.2d at 568 ). But the verdict here does not suggest that this jury was so swayed by emotion that it abandoned reason out of sympathy for Mr. Ragusa. Instead, the verdict suggests a methodical jury, that weighed the evidence and found both for and against the Plaintiff.
In sum, the jury's award of $40,000 in compensatory damages does not shock the conscience of the Court and, therefore, the jury's verdict will not be disturbed.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Post–Trial Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's remaining claims against Defendants, City of New York, Bloomberg and Kelly, and to Alter the Judgment (Dkt. 110) is hereby DENIED. Plaintiff must file any Amended Complaint on ECF no later than February 5, 2016 . Counsel for all parties are directed to appear for a status conference in Courtroom 443 of the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse on February 19, 2016 at 10:00 a.m. No later than February 12, 2016, the parties must submit a joint letter to the Court reporting on the status of the case and proposing how to proceed with the case and any briefing on attorney's fees. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close Docket Entry 110.