Summary
holding that a defendant's opposition to a motion to consolidate constitutes an acceptance to claims splitting
Summary of this case from Gerber Plumbing Fixtures, LLC v. Amerifreight, Inc.Opinion
No. 08-56477.
Argued and Submitted June 4, 2009.
Filed April 9, 2010.
John Stanton Addams, Esquire, Law Offices of John S. Addams, Tracy Lynn Nation, Alan Kenneth Brubaker, Esquire, Wingert Grebing Brubaker Goodwin LLP, San Diego, CA, for Plaintiff-counter-defendant-Appellee, Counter-defendant-Appellee.
Michael Roland Matthias, Baker Hostetler LLP, Los Angeles, CA, Thomas D. Warren, Baker Hostetler LLP, Cleveland, OH, for Defendant-counter-claimant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, Janis L. Sammartino, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-06-01479-JLSCAB.
Before: W. FLETCHER, CLIFTON and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
PhotoMedex, Inc. appeals the district court's dismissal of its Lanham Act and California state law misappropriation of trade secrets, unfair competition, and false advertising counterclaims against Dean Stewart Irwin and Ra Medical Systems, Inc. (collectively "Ra Medical"). The court held (1) the misappropriation of trade secrets claim and the other claims based on allegations of such misappropriation were barred by the statute of limitations; (2) pursuant to its summary judgment decision in PhotoMedex's first federal action, before us on appeal in Case No. 07-56672, PhotoMedex lacked standing to bring its claims that Ra Medical misrepresented the Pharos's FDA clearance status; (3) allegations of misrepresentations unrelated to FDA clearance did not satisfy Rule 8 pleading requirements; and (4) the claim Ra Medical manufactured the Pharos without a California license could not be asserted since PhotoMedex did not amend its complaint to add this claim in its first federal action. The district court issued a Rule 54(b) certification of final judgment for its dismissal order, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133, 1136 n. 1 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (holding claims dismissed with leave to amend require a final order to be appealable). We vacate the district court's dismissal on all the claims that are not based on FDA clearance allegations.
In its opening brief, PhotoMedex chose lo merely reference the arguments it made in Case No. 07-56672 regarding its claims based on FDA clearance misrepresentations. In our separate opinion (or that case filed concurrently with this disposition, we affirm the district court's holding that PhotoMedex's FDA clearance claims are precluded. The claims precluded there are precluded here, and any FDA clearance related arguments not raised by PhotoMedex in that appeal are waived. See, e.g., Friends of Yosemite Valley v. Kempthorne, 520 F.3d 1024, 1033 (9th Cir. 2008) (slating arguments not raised by a party in its opening brief are deemed waived).
As Ra Medical concedes, California's Unfair Competition Law ("UCL") four-year statute of limitations "applies even if the borrowed statute has a shorter limitations statute." Blanks v. Shaw, 171 Cal.App.4th 336, 89 Cal.Rptr.3d 710, 731 (2009); see also Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Prods. Co., 23 Cal.4th 163, 96 Cal.Rptr.2d 518, 999 P.2d 706, 716 (2000) ( "Any action on any UCL cause of action is subject to the four-year period of limitations created by that section."). Accordingly, PhotoMedex's UCL claim premised on misappropriation of trade secrets was timely filed. See Trotter v. Int'l Long-shoremen's Warehousemen's Union, 704 F.2d 1141, 1143 (9th Cir. 1983) (noting that under California law a statute of limitations is suspended or tolled for defendant's then unbarred counterclaims upon plaintiffs filing the complaint).
PhotoMedex's trade secret misappropriation claim was also prematurely dismissed. PhotoMedex alleged in its complaint that it did not learn of the misappropriation until it obtained and analyzed the Pharos in 2006. We find sufficient evidence from judicially noticeable court records that Ra Medical may have hid any misappropriation by denying that the design plan for the Pharos had been finalized at the time of PhotoMedex's 2003 lawsuit. PhotoMedex was entitled to rely on any misrepresentations Ra Medical may have made in obscuring its cause of action. See El Polio Loco, Inc. v. Hashim, 316 F.3d 1032, 1040 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[T]he recipient of a fraudulent misrepresentation of fact is justified in relying upon its truth, although he might have ascertained the falsity of the representation had he undertaken an investigation." (internal quotation marks omitted)); Weatherly v. Universal Music Publ'g Group, 125 Cal.App.4th 913, 23 Cal.Rptr.3d 157, 162 (2004) ("[A] defendant cannot hinder the plaintiffs discovery through misrepresentations and then fault the plaintiff for failing to investigate."). And even if PhotoMedex suspected trade secret misappropriation in 2002, "[w]here a plaintiff suspects the truth but investigates unsuccessfully, fraudulent concealment will toll the statute." UA Local 343 v. NorCal Plumbing, Inc., 48 F.3d 1465, 1475 (9th Cir. 1994). Viewing the court filings and facts alleged in its counterclaim in the light most favorable to PhotoMedex, we conclude PhotoMedex "may be able to prove a set of facts under which this action would be timely." Supermail Cargo, Inc. o. United States, 68 F.3d 1204, 1207 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Jablon v. Dean Witter Co., 614 F.2d 677, 682 (9th Cir. 1980) ("When a motion to dismiss is based on the running of the statute of limitations, it can be granted only if the assertions of the complaint, read with the required liberality, would not permit the plaintiff to prove that the statute was tolled.").
PhotoMedex's complaint appeared timely on its face so it was not required lo specifically plead facts supporting its statute of limitations defenses, which Ra Medical was on notice of regardless. See, e.g., Spray, Gould Bowers v. Associated Int'l Ins. Co., 71 Cal. App.4th 1260, 84 Cal.Rptr.2d 552, 555 n. 4 (1999) (deciding the plaintiff was not required to plead facts to avoid a timeliness bar since "the limitations defense is not shown on the face of the . . . complaint"); Ateeq v. Najor, 15 Cal.App.4th 1351, 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 320, 324 (1993) (permitting the plaintiff to claim estoppel for the first time in his response to the defendant's motion for judgment because the "complaint did not clearly indicate the statute of limitations would have run").
Under the applicable liberal notice pleading standards of Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, PhotoMedex adequately alleges facts to support all elements of its Lanham Act and state law claims. See Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Solution, 513 F.3d 1038, 1053-54 (9th Cir. 2008) (determining the plaintiff sufficiently alleged facts to support its Lanham Act claim when it listed particular statements constituting false or misleading statements of fact); Skaff v. Meridien N. Am. Beverly Hills, LLC, 506 F.3d 832, 841-42 (9th Cir. 2007) (concluding the allegations made in a "succinct" complaint were adequate because "concerns about specificity in a complaint are normally handled by the array of discovery devices available to the defendant"). PhotoMedex's satisfaction of notice pleading requirements is highlighted by the fact Ra Medical's court filings and appellate brief "demonstrate that they had fair notice of what [PhotoMedex's] claims are and the grounds upon which they rest." Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 682 (9th Cir. 2001); Self Directed Placement Corp. v. Control Data Corp., 908 F.2d 462, 466 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding a complaint met Rule 8 requirements for an unfair competition claim when the defendant was actually put on notice of the claim).
Ra Medical waived the claim that Rule 9(b) should apply by failing lo raise it before the district court. See, e.g., Hauk v. JP Morgan Chase Dank USA, 552 F.3d 1114, 1122 n. 4 (9th Cir. 2009) ("Absent exceptional circumstances, we generally will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. . . .") .
The district court's denial of PhotoMedex's motion to consolidate renders the prohibition on claim splitting inapplicable here. See Delew v. Wagner, 143 F.3d 1219, 1223 (9th Cir. 1998) (deciding the rule concerning claim splitting did not apply when the state court effectively split the causes of action by denying the plaintiffs' motion to join the two actions in one proceeding). Ra Medical's opposition to PhotoMedex's consolidation motion also justifies foregoing the general rule against splitting claims because we have repeatedly recognized "that where a defendant acquiesces in the split, the rule should be inapplicable." Clements v. Airport Auth. of Washoe County, 69 F.3d 321, 328 (9th Cir. 1995); see, also Dodd v. Hood, River County, 59 F.3d 852, 862 (9th Cir. 1995) ("[C]onsent or tacit agreement is clear justification for splitting a claim."). Given the relevant litigation history, none of PhotoMedex's claims are barred by the doctrine of claim splitting.
Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.