Summary
In Potter v. Schafter, 161 Me. 340, 341-343, 211 A.2d 891, 892 (1965), decided two years after the decision in Bedell, the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, after a preliminary reference to the common law upon which Maine's "judicature rests", said: "We are urged to sustain the appeal, grant plaintiff-wife a right to recovery and thereby judicially legislate a new cause of action.
Summary of this case from United States v. MooreOpinion
Opinion, July 23, 1965.
Husband and Wife. Constitutional Law.
At common law, a plaintiff-wife had no cause of action for her loss of consortium occasioned by her husband's injuries.
As a common law court, the Supreme Judicial Court had power to grant a new cause of action for a wife's loss of consortium occasioned by her husband's injuries.
Proposed creation of a new cause of action for a wife's loss of consortium occasioned by her husband's injuries merited consideration by legislature, where upon notice the diverse interests affected by such proposition might be heard, but it was not up to the Supreme Judicial Court to usurp legislative authority and thereby judicially legislate a new cause of action.
ON APPEAL.
This is an appeal from the dismissal of the plaintiff's complaint seeking to recover for the wife's loss of consortium. The court refused to usurp legislative authority to change the common law plaintiff-wife rule. Appeal dismissed.
Theodore Kurtz, for Appellants.
Richard D. Hewes, for Appellee.
SITTING: WILLIAMSON, C.J., WEBBER, TAPLEY, MARDEN, RUDMAN, JJ. SULLIVAN, J., sat at argument but retired before the opinion was adopted.
On appeal. Plaintiff Barry M. Potter was injured in a motor vehicle accident due to alleged negligence of the defendant. In a complaint to recover for his injuries, his wife, Sandra Potter joins and in Count II of the complaint seeks to recover for her loss of consortium occasioned by her husband's injuries. Defendant's motion to dismiss Count II was granted. Plaintiffs appeal.
At common law, upon which basis our judicature rests, the plaintiff-wife has no such cause of action. 27 Am. Jur., Husband and Wife, §§ 513, 514; Doe v. Roe, 82 Me. 503, 20 A. 83; Restatement, Torts, § 695, to which no change has been indicated through the 1954 Supplement; 41 C.J.S., Husband and Wife, § 404; Fuller v. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 21 F. Supp. 741, [2] 742 (D.C. Mass. 1937).
We are urged to sustain the appeal, grant plaintiff-wife a right to recovery and thereby judicially legislate a new cause of action. Lead by Hitaffer v. Argonne Co., Inc., 183 F.2d 811 (D.C. Cir.) on which certiorari was denied in 340 U.S. 852, 71 S.Ct. 80 (1950), which granted the wife a cause of action for her loss of consortium of her husband resulting from negligent conduct of a third person, ten other states have followed by judicial decision and one, Oregon, has done so by statute. Meantime nineteen jurisdictions, having considered the question, have denied recovery. See Igneri v. Cie de Transports Oceaniques, 323 F.2d 257, 260, 261 (2 CCA 1963).
Cooney v. Moomaw, 109 F. Supp. 448 (D. Neb. 1953); Brown v. Georgia-Tennessee Coaches, Inc., 77 S.E.2d 24 (Ga. 1953); Acuff v. Schmit, 78 N.W.2d 480 (Iowa 1956); Missouri Pacific Transportation Co. v. Miller, 299 S.W.2d 41 (Ark. 1957); Hoekstra v. Helgeland, 98 N.W.2d 669 (S.D. 1959); Montgomery v. Stephan, 101 N.W.2d 227 (Mich. 1960); Dini v. Naiditch, 170 N.E.2d 881 (Ill. 1960); Stenta v. Leblang, 185 A.2d 759 (Del. 1962); Duffy v. Lipsman-Fulkerson Co., 200 F. Supp. 71 (D. Mont. 1961); and Novak v. Kansas City Transit, Inc., 365 S.W.2d 539 (Mo. 1963).
We are aware that as a common law court we have the power to grant this new cause of action, and we are reminded that in Bedell v. Reagan, 159 Me. 292, 192 A.2d 24, we exercised this prerogative and held that a defendant in a complaint brought by husband and wife for negligence resulting in wife's personal injury might implead the plaintiff-husband as a third party defendant, thereby allowing defendant equitable recourse for contribution toward the monetary damage which otherwise would compensate not only for his own fault, but also "the pecuniary equivalent of the husband's wrong," — but within the narrow limits prescribed.
The change in the common law declared by Bedell was not a result, however, of a collision between the principle of stare decisis and contemporary legal philosophy above, as is true in the present case. The adoption of our civil rules, effective December 1, 1959, introducing third party practice into Maine, which was a drastic departure from pre-rule procedure, was designed "to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action." Rule 1, M.R.C.P. In Bedell the court dealt with a collision between Rule 14, M.R.C.P. and the common law "disability of reciprocal spouses" as cross litigants. Bedell at page 296. Under such circumstance we held that the integrity of the civil rules and their declared purpose, but within the narrow limits required equitably in the Bedell situation, overrode the pre-existing rule of marital disability of the common law. There is not only a distinction, but also a difference.
The proposed creation of a new cause of action in the wide field of torts merits consideration by the legislature, — where upon notice the diverse interests affected by such proposition may be heard. If Maine is to join the minority, though a respectable minority, it must do so through our legislative branch. Under the facts here, it is not for us "to usurp legislative authority." Sacknoff v. Sacknoff, 131 Me. 280, 283, 161 A. 669. Representations for a change such as here urged should be directed to the legislature. See Howard v. Howard, 120 Me. 479, 482, 115 A. 259, and Mendall v. Pleasant Mountain Ski Development, Inc., et al., 159 Me. 285, 290, 191 A.2d 633.
Appeal dismissed.