Opinion
Case No. 14 C 8271
08-28-2015
Iwona Portalatin, Plaintiff, v. Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore, LLC, and Midland Funding LLC, Defendants.
Mohammed Omar Badwan, Nathan Charles Volheim, Ahmad Tayseer Sulaiman, First, Daniel John McGarry, Sulaiman Law Group, Ltd., Majdi Y. Hijazin, First, Law Offices of Majdi Y. Hijazin, Ltd., Oak Brook, IL, for Plaintiff. David Luther Hartsell, Helen Deborah Arnold, McGuirewoods LLP, David M. Schultz, Katherine Hannah Tresley, Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendants.
Mohammed Omar Badwan, Nathan Charles Volheim, Ahmad Tayseer Sulaiman, First, Daniel John McGarry, Sulaiman Law Group, Ltd., Majdi Y. Hijazin, First, Law Offices of Majdi Y. Hijazin, Ltd., Oak Brook, IL, for Plaintiff.
David Luther Hartsell, Helen Deborah Arnold, McGuirewoods LLP, David M. Schultz, Katherine Hannah Tresley, Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY, District Judge:
Iwona Portalatin sued Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore, LLC, and Midland Funding, LLC, alleging that Blatt and Midland violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. § 1692i(a). Blatt, a law firm, filed a debt collection suit on Midland's behalf against Portalatin in the Circuit Court of Cook County's First Municipal District rather than its Fourth Municipal District, the district in which Portalatin resided. Portalatin has since settled her dispute with Midland. Now, both Portalatin and Blatt have moved for summary judgment regarding whether Blatt's act of filing suit in the First Municipal District, allegedly in violation of the FDCPA, was the result of a “bona fide error” or is otherwise subject to an affirmative defense under the statute. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies Blatt's motion; grants Portalatin's motion with regard to Blatt's affirmative defenses; and otherwise denies Portalatin's motion.
Background
The following facts are undisputed. In October 2013, Blatt filed suit in the Circuit Court of Cook County against Portalatin on behalf of Midland Funding, LLC, to collect an outstanding consumer debt. Midland Funding LLC v. Iwona Portalatin, 2013–M1154928 (Ill. Cir. Ct. Cook Cty.). Portalatin lives in Elmwood Park, Illinois, which is located within the Circuit Court of Cook County's Fourth Municipal District; the courthouse for that district is in Maywood. Rather than filing suit there, Blatt filed in the First Municipal District, whose courthouse is in downtown Chicago at the Richard J. Daley Center. The state court entered a default judgment against Portalatin in April 2014, and Blatt sought to enforce the judgment by wage garnishment a short time later.
Under the FDCPA, “[a]ny debt collector who brings any legal action on a debt against any consumer shall ... bring such an action only in the judicial district or similar legal entity—(A) in which such consumer signed the contract sued upon; or (B) in which such consumer resides at the commencement of the action.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692i(a). Prior to July 2014, the Seventh Circuit defined “judicial district or similar legal entity” in Illinois as the Illinois Circuit Courts, not the intra-county districts used to determine venue in Cook County. Newsom v. Friedman, 76 F.3d 813, 820 (7th Cir.1996). Under the Seventh Circuit's interpretation of the statute in Newsom, Blatt was entitled to file in any district in Cook County. In July 2014, however, the Seventh Circuit, sitting en banc, overruled Newsom, reinterpreting “judicial district or similar legal entity” to mean the “smallest geographic area that is relevant for determining venue in the court system in which the case is filed.” Suesz v. Med–1 Sols., LLC, 757 F.3d 636, 638 (7th Cir.2014) (en banc).
Portalatin filed this lawsuit on October 21, 2014, alleging that Blatt violated the FDCPA when it filed the debt collection action against her in the First Municipal District rather than the Fourth. Blatt denies that Portalatin is a “consumer” and denies her allegations that she suffered actual damage. Blatt admits, however, that it may be considered a “debt collector” that filed a collection action in a judicial district other than the one in which the debtor resided or signed a contract giving rise to the debt. Blatt contends, however, that it is not liable under the FDCPA because its decision to file in the First Municipal District was predicated on its reasonable reliance on the Seventh Circuit's then-controlling holding in Newsom.
Discussion
The parties have now cross-moved for summary judgment. A party is entitled to summary judgment if it shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). On a motion for summary judgment, the Court views the record in a light most favorable to the non-moving party and draws all reasonable inferences in that party's favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Summary judgment is inappropriate “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the Court assesses whether each movant has satisfied the requirements of Rule 56. See Cont'l Cas. Co. v. Nw. Nat'l Ins. Co., 427 F.3d 1038, 1041 (7th Cir.2005); see also Laskin v. Siegel, 728 F.3d 731, 734 (7th Cir.2013).
Congress protects the interests of debtors through the FDCPA, which imposes civil liability on debt collectors who fail to comply with a variety of restrictions and requirements that guide the process of debt collection. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a). Under the FDCPA, debt collectors may communicate with debtors only at certain times of day. Id. § 1692c. They may contact third parties only to seek a debtor's contact information and typically may do so only once. Id. § 1692b. They are strictly prohibited from harassing or abusing debtors by making threats or using obscene or profane language. Id. § 1692d. They may not make false representations regarding a debt's character, amount, or legal status, id. § 1692e(2), and they may not use unconscionable means to collect on a debt, id. § 1692f. They are also required to sue in “the judicial district or similar legal entity” in which the debtor resides or in which the underlying contract was signed. Id. § 1692i(a).
The FDCPA also provides some safeguards for debt collectors who take appropriate measures to comply with the statute. Under the statute's “bona fide error” defense, “[a] debt collector may not be held liable ... if the debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.” Id. § 1692k(c). Under the statute's “safe harbor” provision, debt collectors are not liable for acts done or omitted “in good faith in conformity with any advisory opinion of the [Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ], notwithstanding that after such act or omission has occurred, such opinion is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.” Id. § 1692k(e).
The gist of Blatt's argument is that it is inappropriate to impose civil liability on a debt collector who followed controlling circuit precedent in determining where to file suit. Blatt grounds this argument on three statutory bases. First, Blatt argues that its reliance on Newsom was a bona fide error within the meaning of section 1692k(c). Second, it contends that its reliance on controlling circuit court precedent entitles it to the safe harbor protection of section 1692k(e). Finally, Blatt says that even if relying on Newsom was not a bona fide error or protected under the safe harbor provision, Suesz should not be applied retroactively because doing so would frustrate the FDCPA's purpose. Blatt argues that both provisions evince Congress's intent to protect debt collectors who do their best to conform their behavior to the law and that it should not be held liable because it made reasonable efforts to do that.
Portalatin, for her part, argues that summary judgment should be granted in her favor because none of these affirmative defenses is valid and there is no dispute regarding the material facts: Blatt is a debt collector who brought suit against a consumer in the First Municipal District, a district in which the debt was not incurred and the consumer did not reside.
A. Blatt's affirmative defenses
The primary focus of the parties' dispute is whether the bona fide error defense protects Blatt from liability. To qualify for the bona fide error defense, a defendant must show that: (1) the FDCPA violation was not intentional; (2) the violation resulted from a bona fide error; and (3) the defendant maintained procedures reasonably adapted to avoid such error. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c); Ruth v. Triumph P'ships, 577 F.3d 790, 803 (7th Cir.2009). The parties here dispute only the second element of the defense: whether Blatt's reliance on Newsom was a bona fide error.
Portalatin contends that the Supreme Court has addressed this precise issue, holding that “bona fide errors in § 1692k(c) do not include mistaken interpretations of the FDCPA.” Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer, & Ulrich LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 587, 130 S.Ct. 1605, 176 L.Ed.2d 519 (2010). In Jerman, a debt collector in Ohio (in the Sixth Circuit) sent notice to a consumer that the consumer's debt would be presumed valid unless disputed in writing. The Sixth Circuit had not addressed whether an “in writing” requirement violated the FDCPA, and courts at the time were split on the issue. Compare Graziano v. Harrison, 950 F.2d 107, 112 (3d Cir.1991) (holding that an “in writing” requirement is not an FDCPA violation), with Camacho v. Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 430 F.3d 1078, 1082 (9th Cir.2005) (holding that an “in writing” requirement violates the FDCPA). When sued for violating the FDCPA, the debt collector asserted that its reliance on the Third Circuit's decision in Graziano was a bona fide error, a mistake of law that the collector took reasonable measures to avoid. The Supreme Court rejected this argument, holding that the bona fide error defense does not “shield violations resulting from misinterpretations of the requirements of the Act.” Jerman, 559 U.S. at 588, 130 S.Ct. 1605.
Blatt argues that Jerman is not on point. Blatt reasons that Jerman narrowly held that the bona fide error defense does not protect debt collectors who exercise legal judgment to incorrectly interpret the FDCPA, even where that interpretation is endorsed by a court in another jurisdiction. Blatt insists that Jerman precludes the bona fide error defense only for that type of legal error, not an error that involved a debt collector's compliance with controlling circuit precedent. Drawing heavily on the Seventh Circuit's decision in Kort v. Diversified Collection Services, Inc., 394 F.3d 530 (7th Cir.2005), Blatt insists that in relying on Newsom, it exercised no legal judgment of its own; rather, it was the Seventh Circuit, a government entity vested with interpretive authority, that exercised legal judgment and furnished an incorrect interpretation of the FDCPA to Blatt and other debt collectors in Illinois. Blatt also cites Oliva v. Blatt, Hasenmiller, Leibsker & Moore LLC, No. 14 C 6447, 2015 WL 4253795 (N.D.Ill. July 14, 2015), in which another judge in this district granted summary judgment in Blatt's favor because its “reliance on Newsom was not a legal error that would preclude application of the FDCPA's bona fide error defense.” Id. at *4.
But Jerman is not so narrow, and Kort is not so broad. In Kort, the debtor procured a student loan governed by the Higher Education Act (HEA), 20 U.S.C. § 1070, and administered by the Department of Education (DOE). Kort, 394 F.3d at 532. Under the HEA, loan guarantors could administratively garnish debtors' wages, but before they could do so, they were required to give notice to the debtor. Id. at 533. To ensure compliance with the HEA, the DOE drafted a form notice that guarantors and their agents were required to use when they instituted garnishment proceedings. Id. at 533–34. The debt collector in Kort copied this language verbatim in the notice it sent to the debtor. Id. at 534. But by using the precise—and mandatory—language contained in the DOE's form notice, the debt collector had arguably violated the FDCPA. Id. Put differently, the debt collector in Kort relied on the DOE's interpretation of the HEA, a statute it administered, and wound up violating the FDCPA by obeying the DOE's compulsory instructions.
A few important distinctions separate Kort from this case. First, the debt collector in Kort was not relying on another entity's incorrect interpretation of the FDCPA; it was relying on another entity's interpretation of an entirely different statute. In contrast, Blatt says it relied on the Seventh Circuit's interpretation of the FDCPA itself. As the Supreme Court has concluded, misinterpretations of the FDCPA are not protected by the bona fide error defense. See Jerman, 559 U.S. at 588, 130 S.Ct. 1605.
More importantly, the DOE's mandatory instructions created a catch–22 for the defendant in Kort that does not exist in this case. Nothing required Blatt to file suit in the First Municipal District. The court in Newsom interpreted the FDCPA to permit a debt collector to file suit in whatever courthouse it wished, so long as the courthouse was within the proper county. Blatt exercised its own judgment when it chose to file at the Daley Center instead of the Maywood courthouse.
Blatt argues that Jerman is distinguishable because the debt collector there relied on non-binding precedent in the context of a circuit split, whereas Newsom was controlling precedent and no circuit split existed. In other words, Jerman was a case in conflicting interpretations had been offered and the debt collector exercised legal judgment when it opted for one interpretation over the other. But, says Blatt, where a debt collector in a particular circuit adheres to the established precedent of that circuit's court of appeals, it is not exercising judgment of its own and thus cannot be held liable. But Jerman does not distinguish between debt collectors who exercise independent legal judgment and those who do not. And even if it did, Blatt's argument would fall flat because the firm did exercise legal judgment: it chose to file in downtown Chicago when it just as easily could have filed, appropriately, in the Fourth Municipal District.
Blatt also argues that the safe harbor provision in section 1692k(e) reflects Congress's intent to protect debt collectors from changes in decisional law that convert lawful conduct into unlawful conduct. But section 1692k(e) does no such thing. Rather, it provides that a debt collector that acts in reliance on a CFPB advisory opinion cannot be held liable even if the CFPB advisory opinion is later rescinded or reversed, either by the agency or by judicial decision. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(e). As the Supreme Court explained in Jerman, the whole point of authorizing the CFPB to produce advisory opinions is to encourage debt collectors to seek CFPB guidance regarding the meaning of the FDCPA. See Jerman, 559 U.S. at 587–88, 130 S.Ct. 1605. There is no basis to read this specifically focused statute as applying to purportedly authoritative interpretations of the FDCPA issued by courts.
Finally, Blatt argues that Suesz should not be applied retroactively. But the Seventh Circuit rejected a similar contention in Suesz itself. Suesz dealt with a debt collection action in Marion County, Indiana. Suesz, 757 F.3d at 637. Like Illinois, Indiana subdivides its counties into smaller geographic areas for venue purposes; Indiana's equivalent to an Illinois municipal district is a township. Id. at 640. The debt collector in Suesz, relying on Newsom, filed suit in Pike Township Small Claims Court even though the debt arose in Lawrence Township. Id. at 638. The defendant argued that if the court decided to overrule Newsom, it should do so only prospectively because the defendant acted in reasonable reliance upon the settled law of the circuit. Id. at 649–50. The Seventh Circuit rejected this argument, explaining that although the Supreme Court has left some room to give rulings in civil cases only prospective effect to avoid injustice or hardship, prospective overruling is the exception, not the rule. See id.
The Seventh Circuit gave no indication that it intended its holding to apply retroactively only in that particular case, and there is no good reason to read Suesz that way. Prospective decision-making is unusual and disfavored, in large part because it is inconsistent with the judicial role. See James B. Beam Distilling Co. v. Georgia, 501 U.S. 529, 537–38, 111 S.Ct. 2439, 115 L.Ed.2d 481 (1991) (plurality opinion); see also Harper v. Virginia Dep't of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97, 113 S.Ct. 2510, 125 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993); Am. Trucking Ass'ns v. Smith, 496 U.S. 167, 201, 110 S.Ct. 2323, 110 L.Ed.2d 148 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment); Kuhn v. Fairmont Coal Co., 215 U.S. 349, 372, 30 S.Ct. 140, 54 L.Ed. 228 (1910) (“Judicial decisions have had retrospective operation for near a thousand years.”) (Holmes, J., dissenting). Moreover, although a court may take equitable factors into account when determining whether a new rule should apply only prospectively, the Supreme Court has held that “it is error to refuse to apply a rule of federal law retroactively after the case announcing the rule has already done so.” James B. Beam Distilling Co., 501 U.S. at 540, 111 S.Ct. 2439.
It is true that Blatt's claimed reliance on Newsom 's definition of “judicial district or similar legal entity” was more justifiable than that of the debt collector in Suesz, because Newsome, like the present case, involved Cook County, not courts in Indiana. But the Seventh Circuit did not apply its holding in Suesz retroactively because it was unreasonable for debt collectors in Marion County to rely on a case about Illinois courts. Rather, it did so because “a prior decision of one intermediate appellate court does not create the degree of certainty concerning an issue of federal law that would justify reliance so complete as to justify applying a decision only prospectively in order to protect settled expectations.” Suesz, 757 F.3d at 649–50. In short, by its own terms, Suesz applies retroactively—to Marion County debt collectors and Cook County debt collectors alike.
The Court notes that in Oliva (a virtually identical case in this district in which Blatt was the defendant), Judge Elaine Bucklo agreed with Blatt regarding both retroactivity and bona fide error. Reasoning that it is fundamentally different for a Cook County debt collector to rely on controlling circuit precedent regarding the filing of debt collection actions in Cook County than for a Marion County debt collector to do so, the court held that Suesz 's retroactivity holding only applied to the defendant in Suesz, and it suggested that “[i]f the Seventh Circuit had overruled Newsom in a case involving a Cook County collection suit, the court may well have applied its ruling only on a prospective basis.” Oliva, 2015 WL 4253795, at *4. The court then concluded that Blatt's reliance on Newsom was therefore bona fide error. Id. The undersigned judge respectfully disagrees with Judge Bucklo for the reasons outlined in this decision.
For these reasons, the Court denies Blatt's motion for summary judgment and grants summary judgment in Portalatin's favor with regard to Blatt's affirmative defenses.
B. Portalatin's claim
Although Blatt's affirmative defenses do not shield it from liability under the FDCPA, Portalatin cannot secure summary judgment in her favor without proving the elements of her claim. Portalatin must show that: (1) Blatt is a debt collector; (2) it brought a legal action on a debt; (3) Portalatin is a consumer, meaning that she was “obligated to pay [a] debt” incurred “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes”; and (4) Blatt did not bring its debt collection suit in the judicial district or similar legal entity in which Portalatin signed the contract giving rise to the debt or resided at the time of suit. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692a, 1692i, 1692k; Serna v. Law Office of Joseph Onwuteaka, P.C., 614 Fed.Appx. 146, 151, 2015 WL 3526977, *4 (5th Cir.2015).
Blatt argues that Portalatin has failed to establish that she incurred her debt primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. Portalatin does not address this question in her memorandum in support of summary judgment. In her statement of uncontested facts, she relies on her deposition testimony to assert that she opened a revolving credit card account for personal use and that her failure to make payments on that account was what gave rise to the debt upon which Blatt sued. But as Blatt has pointed out, the deposition testimony upon which Portalatin relies does not address the primary purpose of her debt. Thus Portalatin has failed to establish an entitlement to entry of judgment in her favor.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies Blatt's motion for summary judgment [dkt. no. 48]; grants Portalatin's motion for summary judgment dkt no. 53 with regard to Blatt's affirmative defenses based on 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c) and 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(e); and otherwise denies Portalatin's motion. The case is set for a status hearing on September 16, 2015 at 9:30 a.m. for the purpose of setting a prompt trial date and discussing the possibility of settlement.