Opinion
No. 40777.
08-22-2014
German POPOCA–GARCIA, v. STATE of Idaho, Respondent.
Maria Elena Andrade, Boise, for appellant. Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Russell J. Spencer, Deputy Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
Maria Elena Andrade, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Russell J. Spencer, Deputy Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
SUBSTITUTE OPINION
THE COURT'S PRIOR OPINION DATED MAY 30, 2014, IS HEREBY WITHDRAWN
GRATTON, Judge. German Popoca–Garcia appeals from the order denying his petition for post-conviction relief. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Popoca–Garcia is a citizen of Mexico and prior to his deportation, he was a permanent resident of the United States. Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, Popoca–Garcia pled guilty to lewd conduct with a child under the age of sixteen, a violation of Idaho Code § 18–1508. At the change of plea hearing, the court ensured that Popoca–Garcia's plea was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. After the court accepted the plea, Popoca–Garcia's trial counsel informed the court that his client would likely face immigration consequences based on the guilty plea and that his permanent resident status could be in jeopardy. The court then asked if Popoca–Garcia understood that he could be deported. Popoca–Garcia answered, "Yes." The court ordered a psychosexual evaluation and later sentenced Popoca–Garcia to a unified term of ten years with two years determinate and retained jurisdiction. The court later relinquished jurisdiction and ordered Popoca–Garcia's original sentence executed. Popoca–Garcia did not appeal his conviction and sentence.
Subsequently, Popoca–Garcia filed a petition for post-conviction relief asserting that his trial counsel failed to adequately inform him of the immigration consequences resulting from his guilty plea. A notice of intent to dismiss was issued by the district court and after both parties responded, the court held an evidentiary hearing. At the hearing, trial counsel testified that he unequivocally told Popoca–Garcia that under federal law, the offense required deportation. He also testified that he told Popoca–Garcia that an immigration agent had informed the prosecutor that the agent did not think the crime required deportation. Trial counsel also testified that he told Popoca–Garcia the immigration agent was mistaken and that he would be deported. The only other witness to testify was Popoca–Garcia's stepfather. He testified that trial counsel did not answer all his questions about his stepson's immigration status and that the attorney said he would not know until the immigration agency decided. Before the district court issued its order, Popoca–Garcia was deported. The court then denied the petition for post-conviction relief. Popoca–Garcia timely appeals.
II.
ANALYSIS
Popoca–Garcia argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to adequately inform him of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. In order to prevail in a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner must prove the allegations by a preponderance of the evidence. Idaho Code § 19–4907 ; Stuart v. State, 118 Idaho 865, 869, 801 P.2d 1216, 1220 (1990) ; Baxter v. State, 149 Idaho 859, 861, 243 P.3d 675, 677 (Ct.App.2010). When reviewing a decision denying post-conviction relief after an evidentiary hearing, an appellate court will not disturb the lower court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a) ;
Dunlap v. State, 141 Idaho 50, 56, 106 P.3d 376, 382 (2004) ; Russell v. State, 118 Idaho 65, 67, 794 P.2d 654, 656 (Ct.App.1990). The credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given to their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from the evidence are all matters solely within the province of the district court. Dunlap, 141 Idaho at 56, 106 P.3d at 382 ; Larkin v. State, 115 Idaho 72, 73, 764 P.2d 439, 440 (Ct.App.1988). We exercise free review of the district court's application of the relevant law to the facts. Baxter, 149 Idaho at 862, 243 P.3d at 678.
A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may properly be brought under the Uniform Post–Conviction Procedure Act. Barcella v. State, 148 Idaho 469, 477, 224 P.3d 536, 544 (Ct.App.2009). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the petitioner must show that the attorney's performance was deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674, 693 (1984) ; Self v. State, 145 Idaho 578, 580, 181 P.3d 504, 506 (Ct.App.2007). To establish a deficiency, the petitioner has the burden of showing that the attorney's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Aragon v. State, 114 Idaho 758, 760, 760 P.2d 1174, 1176 (1988) ; Knutsen v. State, 144 Idaho 433, 442, 163 P.3d 222, 231 (Ct.App.2007). Where, as here, the petitioner was convicted upon a guilty plea, to satisfy the prejudice element, the petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he or she would not have pled guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Plant v. State, 143 Idaho 758, 762, 152 P.3d 629, 633 (Ct.App.2006).
In Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), the United States Supreme Court determined the standard of representation required when a guilty plea could have potential immigration consequences. The Court first held that under the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, as articulated in Strickland, counsel may have a duty to provide advice relating to deportation. Id. at 366, 130 S.Ct. at 1481, 176 L.Ed.2d at 293–94. The Court then held that "when the deportation consequence is truly clear, as it was in [Padilla's] case, the duty to give correct advice is equally clear." Id. at 369, 130 S.Ct. at 1483, 176 L.Ed.2d at 295–96. On the other hand, when the law is less clear or uncertain "a criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences." Id. Padilla had pled guilty to distributing drugs. Federal law required automatic deportation for any conviction relating to controlled substances other than simple possession of marijuana offenses. Thus, because on the face of the immigration law itself the federal deportation law was "succinct, clear, and explicit," Padilla's counsel had a duty to give correct advice about the immigration consequences. Id. at 368–69, 130 S.Ct. at 1482–83, 176 L.Ed.2d at 295–96.
The district court summarized why it felt the evidentiary hearing was necessary in this case:
The Court has reviewed the transcript of the change of plea hearing. There is no question that Popoca–Garcia knew, at the time he changed his plea that it was very likely that he would be deported if he pled guilty. At the change of plea hearing, the Court put Popoca–Garcia under oath and asked him a series of questions. Defense counsel then stated "My client will most likely have some immigration consequences to this. And I've informed him of this, that this could put his permanent resident status in jeopardy, a plea to this charge, and he's understood that." The Court then asked Popoca–Garcia "Sir, do you understand that? That you could be deported because of this crime?" Popoca–Garcia answered "yes." This colloquy, standing alone, does not show that Popoca–Garcia understood that deportation was virtually certain but merely that deportation was possible. That is why the Court decided to have an evidentiary hearing on the merits of the Petition for Post–Conviction Relief.
The district court concluded that Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010) required unequivocal language, such that Popoca–Garcia's understanding that he was "most likely" going to be deported did not fulfill trial counsel's obligation to provide correct advice. The State did not challenge this conclusion and Popoca–Garcia assumes it is correct. Because we conclude that trial counsel met the elevated standard, which would require language that deportation was "virtually certain," we do not decide whether less certain, but still correct, language would satisfy Padilla. Compare Hernandez v. State, 124 So.3d 757, 763 (Fla.2012) (holding that when immigration law is truly clear Padilla requires "more than equivocal advice concerning those consequences"), Salazar v. State, 361 S.W.3d 99, 103 (Tex.Ct.App.2011) (holding that correct advice required informing client that "the plea of guilty would result in certain deportation" and "terms ‘likelihood’ and ‘possibility’ " were insufficient to convey the certainty of deportation), and State v. Martinez, 161 Wash.App. 436, 253 P.3d 445, 448 (2011) (holding that merely discussing the "possibility of deportation," taken with counsel's uncertainty of immigration law, failed to adequately advise client that eligibility for deportation was certain), with Chacon v. State, 409 S.W.3d 529, 537 (Mo.Ct.App.2013) (holding lower court did not clearly err in finding that counsel's advice that deportation was "very likely" was sufficient), Com. v. Escobar, 70 A.3d 838, 841 (Pa.Super.Ct.2013) (holding that correct advice did not require telling client that he "definitely would be deported"), and Neufville v. State, 13 A.3d 607, 614 (R.I.2011) ("Counsel is not required to inform their clients that they will be deported, but rather that a defendant's ‘plea would make [the defendant] eligible for deportation.’ " (quoting Padilla, 559 U.S. at 368, 130 S.Ct. at 1482–83, 176 L.Ed.2d at ––– –)).
Popoca–Garcia argued that because he pled guilty to lewd conduct with a minor under sixteen, I.C. § 18–1508, the law was sufficiently clear that he would be deported for having pled guilty to a crime constituting sexual abuse of a minor. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) requires deportation if the individual pleads guilty to an "aggravated felony." See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1229b. Aggravated felony includes "sexual abuse of a minor" as a deportable offense. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A). The district court concluded that because federal law required deportation for crimes of sexual abuse of minors, trial counsel had a duty to provide correct advice since Popoca–Garcia pled guilty to lewd conduct with a minor under the age of sixteen. The State did not challenge the district court's conclusion below or on appeal. Therefore, we will assume for purposes of this appeal that trial counsel had a duty to provide correct advice, as opposed to simply advising of the risk of immigration consequences.
Though we do not address the level of clarity in this case, we encourage trial counsel and the courts to thoroughly examine the relevant statutes to determine the level of advice required when comparing the deportable offenses with the Idaho conviction. Compare State v. Telford, 420 N.J.Super. 465, 22 A.3d 43, 48 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2011) (holding that sexual abuse of minor was not sufficiently clear to require the higher standard of advice under Padilla ), with State v. Sandoval, 249 P.3d at 1019–20 (Wash.2011) (holding that it was sufficiently clear the Washington rape statute constituted an aggravated felony to require higher standard of advice).
Operating under this assumption, the district court's findings establish that trial counsel met the heightened standard that would require correct advice. In concluding that Popoca–Garcia satisfied his duty under Padilla, the district court found:
[Trial counsel] further testified that he told Popoca–Garcia that deportation would be a consequence of a guilty plea. This fulfilled defense counsel's obligation under Padilla. However, [counsel] also told Popoca–Garcia that the prosecutor had informed him that immigration services had contacted the prosecutor and said that they believed they could not deport Popoca–Garcia for the charge he pled guilty to. Finally, [he] told Popoca–Garcia that he believed the immigration service was wrong and that they could and most likely would deport him if he pled guilty. [Trial counsel] had no contact directly with immigration service but only with the prosecutor.
Thus, the district court found that trial counsel unequivocally informed Popoca–Garcia that he would be deported under federal law.
Popoca–Garcia argues that trial counsel's advice was not sufficient to clearly express that he would be deported because trial counsel also told him that immigration officials thought they could not deport him. He emphasizes language from the evidentiary hearing that trial counsel explained that immigration officials "could" deport him and that they "most likely would." Popoca–Garcia contends that these statements watered
down any advice suggesting certainty of deportation satisfying Padilla. However, in reaching its decision the district court also explained:
At sentencing, [trial counsel] indicated that it was premature to say that Popoca–Garcia would be deported and the prosecutor stated that it was a certainty that Popoca–Garcia would be deported. However, what happened at sentencing is not pertinent to what happened at the change of plea hearing. By the time of sentencing, Popoca–Garcia had already knowingly and voluntarily pled guilty with an understanding that he would be deported. Popoca–Garcia has failed to meet the first prong of the Strickland test. There is insufficient evidence to show that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel. A direct representation that the pending criminal charge would have adverse immigration consequences constitutes representation that meets an objective standard of reasonableness under Padilla.
(emphasis added) (footnote omitted). The court expressly found that Popoca–Garcia pled guilty understanding that he would be deported. Further, the notion that Popoca–Garcia conceivably would not be deported did not come from trial counsel, but instead came from the immigration officials through the prosecutor. Trial counsel simply passed the information along. Trial counsel expressly told Popoca–Garcia that the officials were mistaken. When viewed in context, he was confirming that Popoca–Garcia would be deported because the immigration officials could deport him and that they likely would since the law provided for it. There is substantial evidence to support the district court's finding that Popoca–Garcia pled guilty understanding that he would be deported.
Popoca–Garcia also argues that in light of his low intellectual functioning, his attorney should not have told him that immigration services believed he could not be deported. He argues that this could have led to the impression there was a chance he would not be deported. Trial counsel testified that the psychosexual evaluation revealed that Popoca–Garcia functioned at a low intellectual level; however, trial counsel also testified that he took special care to discuss the case with his client based on his level of functioning. Again, there is substantial evidence to support the district court's finding that Popoca–Garcia pled guilty with the understanding that he would be deported.
Popoca–Garcia next contends that coupling the immigration agent's comments with the later statements by trial counsel regarding his advice at the change of plea hearing and at the sentencing hearing, nullified his attorney's earlier unequivocal statement that he would be deported. Popoca–Garcia relies on State v. Sandoval, 171 Wash.2d 163, 249 P.3d 1015 (2011). In that case, the Washington Supreme Court stated, "The required advice [under Padilla ] about immigration consequences would be a useless formality if, in the next breath, counsel could give the noncitizen defendant the impression that he or she should disregard what counsel just said about the risk of immigration consequences." Id. at 1020. However, the circumstances in Sandoval are markedly different than the present case. In Sandoval, the defendant's attorney told the defendant "that he should accept the State's plea offer because he would not be immediately deported and that he would then have sufficient time to retain proper immigration counsel to ameliorate any potential immigration consequences of his guilty plea." Id. at 1017. The Court concluded that defendant's "counsel's advice impermissibly left [him] the impression that deportation was a remote possibility." Id. at 1020. Unlike Sandoval, trial counsel told Popoca–Garcia he would be deported and that immigration officials incorrectly believed that they could not deport him. There was nothing misleading about trial counsel's advice. As to the later statements by trial counsel, Popoca–Garcia had already pled guilty when the statements were made. These later statements did not play a role in
The district court did not reach the second prong of Strickland that requires a showing of prejudice. However, it is clear that Popoca–Garcia would struggle to establish prejudice since he pled guilty after being expressly informed by his attorney that he would be deported.
Popoca–Garcia's decision to plead guilty. Therefore, the district court correctly concluded that Popoca–Garcia failed to show his counsel was ineffective.
III.
CONCLUSION
Popoca–Garcia failed to establish that his attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel. Therefore, the district court's judgment denying Popoca–Garcia's post-conviction petition is affirmed.
Judge LANSING and Judge MELANSON concur.