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explaining that, although this Court may dismiss an application for leave to appeal from a final order for "lack of merit on the grounds presented," when it comes to interlocutory applications for leave to appeal from nonfinal orders, this Court generally does not express an opinion on the merits
Summary of this case from Carlsen v. Sw. Mich. Emergency Servs., PC (In re Carlsen)Opinion
No. 344567 No. 344577
10-03-2019
PIONEER STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Stephen A. MICHALEK and Barbara M. Michalek, Defendants-Appellants, and Justin B. Agresti, Intervening Plaintiff. Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Stephen A. Michalek and Barbara M. Michalek, Defendants, and Justin B. Agresti, Intervening Plaintiff-Appellant.
Schenk, Boncher & Rypma (by Frederick J. Boncher and Tyler E. Osburn ) for Stephen and Barbara Michalek. RizzoDay, PC (by Devin R. Day ) for Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company. LAWFM (by Frank B. Melchiore ) for Justin Agresti.
Schenk, Boncher & Rypma (by Frederick J. Boncher and Tyler E. Osburn ) for Stephen and Barbara Michalek.
RizzoDay, PC (by Devin R. Day ) for Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company.
LAWFM (by Frank B. Melchiore ) for Justin Agresti.
Before: Murray, C.J., and Meter and Fort Hood, JJ.
Murray, C.J. These consolidated appeals are from a final order awarding attorney fees to plaintiff, Pioneer State Mutual Insurance Company, in a case where the trial court found after a bench trial that insurance fraud was committed by defendants, Stephen A. Michalek and Barbara M. Michalek. Intervening plaintiff, Justin B. Agresti, appeals the same order by right. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In November 2011, Agresti was injured while riding his bicycle at defendants' (his grandparents) lakefront property in Dowagiac. At the time of the injury, the property was insured pursuant to a homeowner's policy issued by Pioneer. Agresti sued defendants in a separate premises-liability action. Defendants signed a statement in the Agresti litigation in which they stated that members of defendants' family dug a hole on the property on July 4, 2011, to fix a faulty septic pump and then failed to refill the hole upon departing the property. Defendants asserted that the hole remained unfilled in November 2011, when Agresti rode his bicycle into it and injured himself. Pioneer retained counsel for defendants in the Agresti litigation, and counsel advanced a challenge to defendant's duty of care (or lack thereof) by asserting the defense that the hole was an open and obvious danger.
After the trial court denied defendants' motion for summary disposition in the Agresti litigation, Pioneer commenced this action to void coverage under a fraud provision in the homeowner's policy. Pioneer alleged that defendants misrepresented that they dug a hole on their property and left the hole open until November 2011. Following a bench trial, the trial court issued an opinion on March 15, 2017, finding that defendants had made fraudulent representations to Pioneer that voided the policy. Appellants moved for reconsideration of the trial court's decision, but before addressing that motion, the trial court entered a judgment in favor of Pioneer on July 17, 2017. Before the trial court entered judgment, Pioneer filed a motion for attorney fees and costs on June 9, 2017. On August 15, 2017, the trial court denied their motion for reconsideration of the March opinion.
On September 5, 2017, defendants filed a claim of appeal in this Court, appealing the August 15, 2017 trial court order denying their motion for reconsideration. The following day, Agresti also filed a claim of appeal from the trial court's August 15, 2017 order. This Court dismissed defendants' appeal for lack of jurisdiction because the August 15, 2017 order was not a final order under MCR 7.202(6)(a). In doing so, this Court noted that the July 17, 2017 judgment "appears to be a final order." This Court dismissed Agresti's claim of appeal for the same reason.
Pioneer State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Michalek , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 26, 2017 (Docket No. 339991).
Pioneer State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Michalek , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 26, 2017 (Docket No. 340016).
Two days after this Court dismissed the appeals for lack of jurisdiction, appellants again moved for a new trial or relief from judgment. Then, before the trial court addressed and decided the motions, defendants filed in this Court an application for delayed appeal of the trial court's July 17, 2017 judgment. On the same day, the trial court held a motion hearing to address appellants' second motions for a new trial or relief from judgment, but it did not rule on the motions.
On May 18, 2018, this Court denied defendants' application for delayed appeal of the July 17, 2017 judgment "for lack of merit on the grounds presented." Thereafter, the trial court entered an order granting Pioneer's motion for attorney fees and costs. The trial court held that, given its previous finding that defendants committed fraud, attorney fees were warranted under MCR 2.114(F). Defendants and Agresti separately appealed the order by right, and this Court consolidated the appeals.
Pioneer State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Michalek , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 18, 2018 (Docket No. 340967).
Pioneer State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Michalek , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 7, 2018 (Docket Nos. 344567 and 344577).
II. CHALLENGES TO THE JULY 17, 2017 JUDGMENT
Defendants advance several issues in this appeal that are unrelated to the award of attorney fees and that they previously asserted in their application for delayed appeal of the July 17, 2017 judgment. This Court denied that application for lack of merit in the grounds presented. Pioneer argues that consideration of these issues is barred by the law of the case doctrine. Pioneer is correct, but there is an additional jurisdictional ground that precludes us from considering these challenges to the July 17, 2017 judgment. We first address the jurisdictional issue. In their claims of appeal, appellants identified the order that they are appealing by right as the June 19, 2018 order regarding attorney fees and costs. In their docketing statements, they noted that the order was a postjudgment order. Under MCR 7.202(6)(a)(iv ), a postjudgment award of attorney fees is a final order from which a claim of appeal can be taken. However, MCR 7.203(A)(1) limits an appeal under MCR 7.202(6)(a)(iv ) "to the portion of the order with respect to which there is an appeal of right," meaning that these appeals only pertain to the award of attorney fees. Consequently, any issue outside those challenging the award of attorney fees goes beyond our jurisdiction over these appeals.
Neither party raised this issue, but because it is jurisdictional we can do so without the parties first doing so. Yee v. Shiawassee Co. Bd. of Commissioners , 251 Mich. App. 379, 399, 651 N.W.2d 756 (2002).
Second, even if we had jurisdiction, Pioneer is correct: the law of the case doctrine would preclude our consideration of the issues arising out of the July 17, 2017 judgment. "The law of the case doctrine holds that a ruling by an appellate court on a particular issue binds the appellate court and all lower tribunals with respect to that issue." Ashker v. Ford Motor Co. , 245 Mich. App. 9, 13, 627 N.W.2d 1 (2001). "Thus, a question of law decided by an appellate court will not be decided differently on remand or in a subsequent appeal in the same case." Id. "The primary purpose of the doctrine is to maintain consistency and avoid reconsideration of matters once decided during the course of a single continuing lawsuit." Id. The doctrine applies "only to issues actually decided, either implicitly or explicitly, in the prior appeal." Grievance Administration v. Lopatin , 462 Mich. 235, 260, 612 N.W.2d 120 (2000). In exercising the discretion afforded it when reviewing an application for leave to appeal, Great Lakes Realty Corp. v. Peters , 336 Mich. 325, 328, 57 N.W.2d 901 (1953), the Court has numerous options: it can grant the application and hear the case on the merits, deny the application, enter peremptory relief, or take any other action deemed appropriate. See MCR 7.205(E)(2). If the assigned panel determines that an application (late or otherwise) from a final order should be denied, the panel often—as was done here—indicates that it is for "lack of merit on the grounds presented." In contrast to interlocutory applications for leave to appeal from nonfinal orders, where the Court generally does not express an opinion on the merits, applications for delayed appeal address whether to allow an appeal (filed after the 21-day period has elapsed) on a merits challenge to a final order. Hence, when we deny an application from a noninterlocutory order for lack of merit in the grounds presented, the order means what it says—it is on the merits of the case. Consistent with this conclusion, this Court has previously applied the law of the case doctrine to orders denying applications for "lack of merit in the grounds presented." See People v. Douglas , 122 Mich. App. 526, 529-530, 332 N.W.2d 521 (1983), People v. Hayden , 125 Mich. App. 650, 662-663, 337 N.W.2d 258 (1983), and People v. Wiley , 112 Mich. App. 344, 346, 315 N.W.2d 540 (1981). The first four issues raised in defendants' and Agresti's appeal briefs were raised in defendants' prior application for delayed appeal from the July 17, 2017 judgment. Additionally, appellants have not shown a change in the material facts or an intervening change in the relevant law. Because this Court previously denied defendants' application for delayed appeal "for lack of merit on the grounds presented," even if we had jurisdiction to address the merits challenge to the July 17, 2017 judgment, we would not address the merits of those issues under the law of the case doctrine. See id. ; see also Locricchio v. Evening News Ass'n , 438 Mich. 84, 109, n. 13, 476 N.W.2d 112 (1991).
If a panel decides to deny an application challenging an interlocutory nonfinal order, it typically uses language indicating that the application was denied because the Court was not persuaded that immediate appellate review was necessary. There is no merits language in those denial orders because no merits determination was made; instead, the panel has simply determined appellate intervention was not necessary at the time. As a result, parties are still free to challenge these interlocutory orders when appealing the final order. See Dean v. Tucker , 182 Mich. App. 27, 31, 451 N.W.2d 571 (1990).
We reject appellants' arguments that this Court lacked jurisdiction to deny defendants' delayed application for leave to appeal in Docket No. 340967. See MCR 7.205(G) ; MCR 7.203(B)(5). Similarly, the arguments that this Court lacks jurisdiction to address these appeals are devoid of merit. See MCR 7.202(6)(a)(iv ) ; MCR 7.203(A)(1).
III. ATTORNEY FEES
As to the merits of the final order they did appeal of right, appellants argue that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees and in the amount of the fees awarded. This Court reviews a trial court's award of attorney fees and costs for an abuse of discretion. Smith v. Khouri , 481 Mich. 519, 526, 751 N.W.2d 472 (2008) (opinion by TAYLOR , C.J.). "An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes." Id. This Court reviews for clear error a trial court's factual findings underlying its fee award, including a finding that a claim or a defense was frivolous. See Ladd v. Motor City Plastics Co. , 303 Mich. App. 83, 103, 842 N.W.2d 388 (2013). "A decision is clearly erroneous when, although there may be evidence to support it, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." Guerrero v. Smith , 280 Mich. App. 647, 677, 761 N.W.2d 723 (2008).
A. FRIVOLOUS DEFENSE
Without holding a hearing, but after briefing by the parties, the trial court entered an order granting Pioneer's motion for attorney fees. The trial court awarded attorney fees pursuant to both MCL 600.2591 and MCR 2.114(F) on the basis of its finding at the bench trial that defendants had engaged in fraud.
MCR 2.114 was repealed effective September 1, 2018. 501 Mich. cclxxviii, ccxcv through ccxcvi (2018). The substantive provisions of MCR 2.114 have been incorporated into MCR 1.109. Because MCR 2.114 was in effect at the time the trial court awarded sanctions, we make reference to that rule.
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"Generally, awards of costs and attorney fees are recoverable only where specifically authorized by a statute, a court rule, or a recognized exception." Edge v. Edge , 299 Mich. App. 121, 127, 829 N.W.2d 276 (2012) (quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted). MCL 600.2591 grants, and MCR 2.114(F) had granted, "a court the authority to award sanctions in the form of attorney fees and costs to a prevailing party if an action or defense is deemed ‘frivolous.’ " Keinz v. Keinz , 290 Mich. App. 137, 141, 799 N.W.2d 576 (2010). MCL 600.2591(3) defines "frivolous" as follows:
(a) "Frivolous" means that at least [one] of the following conditions is met:
(i ) The party's primary purpose in initiating the action or asserting the defense was to harass, embarrass, or injure the prevailing party.
(ii ) The party had no reasonable basis to believe that the facts underlying that party's legal position were in fact true.
(iii ) The party's legal position was devoid of arguable legal merit.
The trial court's finding of frivolousness was based on its conclusions following the bench trial that defendants acted fraudulently, and that they knew they had engaged in fraud yet still put up a defense. "The determination whether a claim or defense is frivolous must be based on the circumstances at the time it was asserted." Robert A. Hansen Family Trust v. FGH Indus., LLC , 279 Mich. App. 468, 486, 760 N.W.2d 526 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The trial court found that the defense was frivolous at the time it was asserted—i.e., at the time defendants responded to Pioneer's complaint, and throughout the proceedings. The trial court conducted a three-day bench trial on the fraud issue and made detailed findings of fact after trial, and its reference to those findings was sufficient to explain why it found the defense of these claims to be frivolous. Although "the mere fact that [a party] did not ultimately prevail on its legal position" does not per se render that position frivolous, id. at 487, 760 N.W.2d 526, the trial court's findings went beyond a mere rejection of defendants' legal position.
In applying this deferential standard of review, and given the fact-specific nature of the case and the trial court's findings, we hold that the trial court did not clearly err in finding that defendants' defense was frivolous.
B. REASONABLENESS OF FEES AND COSTS
Under MCR 2.114, if a trial court determined that a claim was frivolous in violation of MCR 2.114(F), sanctions were mandatory under MCR 2.114(E), which provided as follows:
If a document is signed in violation of this rule, the court, on the motion of a party or on its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the document, including reasonable attorney fees. The court may not assess punitive damages.
Similarly, MCR 2.625(A)(2) provides that "if the court finds on motion of a party that an action or defense was frivolous, costs shall be awarded as provided by MCL 600.2591." MCL 600.2591 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
(1) Upon motion of any party, if a court finds that a civil action or defense to a civil action was frivolous, the court that conducts the civil action shall award to the prevailing party the costs and fees incurred by that party in connection with the civil action by assessing the costs and fees against the nonprevailing party and their attorney.
(2) The amount of costs and fees awarded under this section shall include all reasonable costs actually incurred by the prevailing party and any costs allowed
by law or by court rule, including court costs and reasonable attorney fees.
"[T]he burden of proving the reasonableness of the requested fees rests with the party requesting them." Smith , 481 Mich. at 528-529, 751 N.W.2d 472 (opinion by TAYLOR , C.J.). "When requested attorney fees are contested, it is incumbent on the trial court to conduct a hearing to determine what services were actually rendered, and the reasonableness of those services." Reed v. Reed , 265 Mich. App. 131, 166, 693 N.W.2d 825 (2005). In determining the reasonableness of a requested fee, a trial court should "consider the totality of special circumstances applicable to the case at hand." Smith , 481 Mich. at 529, 751 N.W.2d 472 (opinion by TAYLOR , C.J.). The Supreme Court has provided nonexclusive factors to guide a trial court in determining the reasonableness of attorney fees. See Pirgu v. United Servs. Auto. Ass'n , 499 Mich. 269, 281-282, 884 N.W.2d 257 (2016).
The trial court awarded Pioneer the hours it requested, but it reduced the hourly rate from the requested $240 an hour to the billed rate of $140 an hour. In doing so, the trial court did not make any findings of fact with respect to the reasonableness of the requested fees or the number of hours expended on the proceeding. Instead, it adopted the analysis set forth in Pioneer's brief, which had attached to it detailed billings, affidavits, and a state bar survey of the average rates in the relevant community.
The Michigan Supreme Court has explained:
In considering the time and labor involved ... the court must determine the reasonable number of hours expended by each attorney. The fee applicant must submit detailed billing records, which the court must examine and opposing parties may contest for reasonableness. The fee applicant bears the burden of supporting its claimed hours with evidentiary support. If a factual dispute exists over the reasonableness of the hours billed or hourly rate claimed by the fee applicant, the party opposing the fee request is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to challenge the applicant's evidence and to present any countervailing evidence. [ Smith , 481 Mich. at 532, 751 N.W.2d 472 (opinion by TAYLOR , C.J.) (citation omitted).]
Although Pioneer's motion was properly supported, in their response brief, defendants did not contest the reasonableness of the hourly rate or the number of hours expended, nor did they request a hearing to resolve any disputed facts. Rather, defendants exclusively challenged the trial court's findings of fraud after trial and made other legal objections to the award of attorney fees. Thus, there was no need for the trial court to hold a hearing to allow defendants to contest the reasonableness of the requested fees because, based on their submissions, they were not challenging that aspect of Pioneer's request. Id. And, although defendants did make a request for an evidentiary hearing in their motion for reconsideration, that motion was simply too late to preserve the request. See Vushaj v. Farm Bureau Gen. Ins. Co. of Mich. , 284 Mich. App. 513, 519, 773 N.W.2d 758 (2009) ("This issue was not raised until plaintiff filed his motion for reconsideration. Where an issue is first presented in a motion for reconsideration, it is not properly preserved."). The trial court does not abuse its discretion by rejecting arguments made in a motion for reconsideration that could have been made in response to the original motion. Yoost v. Caspari , 295 Mich. App. 209, 220, 813 N.W.2d 783 (2012) ("Ordinarily, a trial court has discretion on a motion for reconsideration to decline to consider new legal theories or evidence that could have been presented when the motion was initially decided.").
The trial court did not clearly err in finding that the defense was frivolous, and it did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney fees.
Affirmed.
Plaintiff-appellee may tax costs.
Meter and Fort Hood, JJ., concurred with Murray, C.J.