Opinion
No. 00-88.
July 26, 2000.
APPEAL FROM THE FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, PARISH OF CALCASIEU, STATE OF LOUISIANA, NO. 96-55, HONORABLE PATRICIA MINALDI.
Raleigh Newman, Jere Jay Biche Donald McKnight, 1830 Hodges Street, Lake Charles, LA 70601, Counsel for Plaintiff — Appellant.
Patrick Briney Deanne B. McCauley, Briney Foret, P.O. Drawer 51367, Lafayette, LA 70505-1367, Counsel for Defendant — Appellee.
Court composed of Chief Judge Ned E. Doucet, Jr., Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Sylvia R. Cooks, John D. Saunders, Oswald A. Decuir, Judges.
This matter arises from an involuntary dismissal wherein the trial judge found, at the close of the plaintiffs' case and upon motion by the defendant, that the plaintiffs failed to show their right to relief. We reverse and remand.
FACTS
The accident occurred around 1:00 p.m. on January 24, 1995. Keith Eagleson, hereinafter "Defendant," was operating a 1988 International Cabover with a fifty-three foot dry box (the largest dry box made) which was owned by his employer, Venture, Inc. Defendant's Cabover was at a dead stop at the intersection of Clarence Drive and Lakeshore Drive in Lake Charles, Louisiana. From the right lane of Clarence Drive, Defendant proceeded through the intersection turning right onto Lakeshore Drive. Apparently, when Defendant negotiated this turn, a portion of his trailer went over the curb where Monte Glenn Pettifield, hereinafter "Plaintiff," and his friend, Mr. Allen Sittig, were waiting to cross the street. Pamela Turney and Veronica DeRouen were in the vehicle stopped behind Defendant at the intersection. The two women observed portions of the accident, drove off to run an errand, then returned to the scene one and a half hours later to speak to Plaintiff and Mr. Sittig.
Plaintiff brought suit against Defendant, his employer and its insurer, Clarendon National Insurance Company, seeking recovery for injuries sustained when Defendant's trailer ran over Plaintiff's foot. Trial was held on February 13, 1999. The matter was dismissed when, at the close of Plaintiff's case, Defendant moved to dismiss under La. Code Civ.P. art. 1672(B), arguing Plaintiff failed to prove his case. The trial judge granted Defendant's motion by Judgment executed on October 25, 1999.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Assignments of Error
Plaintiff presents several assignments of error in this matter, including two assignments asserting that adverse presumptions were improperly applied to Plaintiff's case, particularly: one based upon Plaintiff's brother's destruction of the shoe Plaintiff wore at the time of the accident, and another based on the failure of one of Plaintiff's witnesses to testify at trial. Plaintiff further claims that the trial judge's errors led to an erroneous conclusion that Plaintiff did not prove his case by a preponderance of the evidence and that Defendants are not liable to Plaintiff.
B. Standard of Review
This court in Shafer v. State, Though State Dep't of Transp. and Dev., 590 So.2d 639, 641 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1991), provided the following:
In non-jury cases, the appropriate standard for the trial court's determination of a motion to dismiss is whether the plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence on his case-in-chief to establish his claim by a preponderance of the evidence. In making its determination on such a motion, the trial court is not required to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff as is done when a motion for directed verdict is filed in a jury case. The judge is only required to weigh and evaluate all of the evidence presented up to that point and grant a dismissal if the plaintiff has failed to establish his claim by a preponderance of the evidence. A dismissal based on La.C.C.P. art. 1672(B) should not be reversed in the absence of manifest error.
(Citations omitted.)
Nevertheless, the manifest error standard of review is not applicable when a reviewing court concludes that trial court committed an error of law which interdicted the fact finding process. When such an error of law has been made, the appellate court is to review the evidence de novo and apply the correct legal principles.Hebert v. Southwest Louisiana Elec. Membership Corp., 95-405, p. 11 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/27/95); 667 So.2d 1148, 1156, writ denied, 96-277 (La. 5/17/96); 673 So.2d 607, writ denied, 96-0798 (La. 5/17/96), 673 So.2d 608. C. Legal Error and the Presumptions Applied
1. The Shoe
Plaintiff argues that the trial judge committed legal error in applying an adverse presumption against him for his not being able to produce the shoe that he was wearing at the time of the incident. The trial judge discussed:
Mr. Pettifield said that the shoes he was wearing at the time were brand new and that the right shoe, not the left shoe, but just the right shoe was totally torn up because of this incident. And Lieutenant Hartnett specifically said that if the shoes had been damaged, — if that shoe had been damaged, he would have noted it in his report. It's not in his report, so it was not damaged.
Mr Pettifield — of course knowing at this point, having consulted an attorney within an hour and a half of the time that this incident occurred apparently — probably knew that it was important to keep that shoe if it was such strong evidence of the incident, and the shoe was thrown away. Even though they couldn't be worn anymore, he threw it away even though there was no other use for them except to preserve them as evidence.
In Edwards v. Daugherty, 97-1542 (La.App. 3 Cir.); 729 So.2d 1112, 1131, writ denied, 99-1393, 99-1434 (La. 9/17/99); 747 So.2d 1105, we explained:
The failure of a litigant to produce evidence within his reach raises the presumption that the evidence would have been detrimental to his case. However, this presumption does not apply when a reasonable explanation exists for the failure to produce the evidence.
Plaintiff's explanation was that his brother threw away the shoes because they were not usable anymore. If the trial judge did apply an adverse presumption against Plaintiff for this failure to produce the shoe, we find no error in this. Whether this explanation reasonably explains the destroyed evidence is a factual determination, heavily dependent on Plaintiff's credibility, which the trial judge is in the best position to gauge. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840. Accordingly, we give due deference to the trial judge on this issue. 2. The Absent Mr. Sittig
Regarding the failure of Plaintiff's witness to appear in court, the trial judge discussed the following:
There is also an absence of evidence and the adverse presumption that can be applied perfectly reasonably to the absence of Mr. Sittig here. Certainly he is the closest eyewitness. It would have been very important for the plaintiff to have him here. If his testimony had been useful, a bench warrant would have been issued for his arrest, I would assume, so that his presence could be obtained here in court.
The first circuit discussed in Harrigan v. Freeman, 498 So.2d 58, 61 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1986), the proper use of such an adverse presumption, to wit:
The failure of a party to call a witness, who possesses knowledge of facts pertinent to the case and whose absence is not satisfactorily explained, results in an inference that the witness's testimony would be adverse. Succession of Lyons, 452 So.2d 1161 (La. 1984); Howard v. Housing Authority of New Orleans, 457 So.2d 834 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1984). However, this rule must be tempered by the proposition that a party to a lawsuit needs only to prove his case. If he does so by calling one or more witnesses to testify concerning an issue, he should not be penalized because he fails to call still another witness on the subject. Sauve Heirs, Inc. v. Reynaud Construction Co., Inc., 441 So.2d 239 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1983); Paul v. Ford Motor Company, 392 So.2d 704 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1980). And once a plaintiff has made out a prima facie case, the opposing party should not be allowed to take no action to produce a witness to a transaction and use that witness's absence as mute refutation of the testimony of the witness who did testify.
This court has found where a witness is equally available to both sides, no adverse presumption attaches. Llorence v. Natchitoches Parish School Bd., 529 So.2d 479 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 532 So.2d 176 (La. 1988).
However, after reviewing the record and the trial judge's explanation for ruling to dismiss this matter, we find legal error where the trial judge erroneously applied an adverse presumption against Plaintiff where one of Plaintiff's witnesses failed to appear in court. The absent witness, Mr. Sittig, was on Plaintiff's witness list and had been issued a subpoena to appear in court. From the record, it appears that Mr. Sittig is vagrant with an indeterminate address; however, the record fails to reveal an inequity in the availability of Mr. Sittig, thereby refuting an adverse presumption resulting from his failure to appear. Moreover, the record does establish that it was Plaintiff who subpoenaed Mr. Sittig. We find the issuance of a subpoena upon the witness and the failure of the witness to appear in court and honor the subpoena is a reasonable explanation for the Plaintiff's failure to call the witness to testify, thus precluding the application of any adverse presumption.
As is discussed in Harrigan, 498 So.2d 58, Plaintiff need only prove his case. Plaintiff presented several witnesses in this matter. We find Plaintiff should not be penalized by his failure to present Mr. Sittig, and it was a prejudicial, legal error for the trial judge to do so. Evans v. Lungrin, 97-541, p. 7 (La. 1998); 708 So.2d 731, 735.
When a prejudicial error of law skews the trial court's finding of a material issue of fact and causes it to pretermit other issues, the appellate court is required, if it can, to render judgment on the record by applying the correct law and determining the essential material facts de novo.
Lasha v. Olin Corp., 625 So.2d 1002, 1006 (La. 1993).
Plaintiff urges this court to review this matter de novo upon our finding legal error. However, Lasha rule notwithstanding, the nature and posture of this case convinces us that this matter is more properly determined by the trial judge.
DECREE
We find legal error interdicted the fact-finding process, and we remand this matter to the court below for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of appeal are to be borne equally between the parties.
REVERSED and REMANDED .
DOUCET, C.J., DISSENTS AND ASSIGNS WRITTEN REASONS.
DECUIR, J., DISSENTS FOR THE REASONS ASSIGNED BY DOUCET, C.J.
The majority herein proposes to reverse and remand, finding that the trial court erred in applying an adverse presumption to the Plaintiff's failure to call an eyewitness, Allen Sittig, and that the application of the presumption resulted in the improper dismissal of the Plaintiff's case.
I disagree. As stated in the case cited by the majority, Harrigan v. Freeman, 498 So.2d 58, 61 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1986) (emphasis added) no adverse presumption may be applied " once a plaintiff has made out a prima facie case. . . ."
In this case, however, an objective examination of the evidence shows that the Plaintiff did not make out a prima facie case. In support of its position, the majority states, that the Plaintiff presented several witnesses. The fact is, however, that none of those witnesses gave evidence supporting the Plaintiff's claim. The only evidence that the truck actually ran over the Plaintiff's foot was provided by his own self-serving testimony. While two witnesses testified that they saw the truck jump the curb, they did not see it run over his foot. Although the Plaintiff alleges severe injury, the medical evidence of record shows that the Plaintiff did not seek medical treatment until a month after the accident, and then only after retaining legal counsel. The subsequent medical examinations show absolutely no objective sign of injury. Further, the majority seems to agree that the trial court could have applied an adverse presumption from the Plaintiff's failure to produce the shoe he was wearing at the time of the accident. Accordingly, we can presume that the shoe would have shown no evidence of having been run over by a truck. In light of the lack of evidence to support the Plaintiff's claim, the trial court correctly applied an adverse inference from the Plaintiff's failure to call Sittig, the only remaining witness who could have supported his claim.
The trial court should note that even if the inference had been applied incorrectly, the appropriate remedy is to examine the evidence de novo. See Evans v. Lungrin, 97-0541 (La. 1998); 708 So.2d 731. It is not appropriate to apply a presumption in favor of the Plaintiff that any evidence given by the missing witness would support the Plaintiff's claim. Even when relieved of the adverse presumption, the Plaintiff has the burden of proof in this case. As shown by the evidence of record, the Plaintiff did not carry that burden. Therefore, the trial court was correct in dismissing Plaintiff's claims and may correctly do so on remand.
Therefore, I respectfully dissent from the majority herein and would affirm the trial court's dismissal of the Plaintiff's case.