Summary
hurrying to car from known drug location did not justify second-tier stop
Summary of this case from Groves v. StateOpinion
A99A2046.
DECIDED: MARCH 16, 2000.
Motion to suppress. DeKalb Superior Court. Before Judge Hunter.
Gerard B. Kleinrock, for appellant.
J. Tom Morgan, District Attorney, Maria Murcier-Ashley, Thomas S. Clegg, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellee.
Carlos Peters appeals from his conviction of possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute it. In this appeal, Peters argues (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress; (2) insufficient evidence supports his conviction; and (3) the trial court erred when it recharged the jury without notifying him or his counsel. For reasons that follow, we reverse.
The evidence presented during the motion to suppress hearing, and at trial, showed that two armed and uniformed DeKalb County police officers prevented Peters from getting into his car and leaving an apartment complex because they "observed a black male, the defendant, come out of a breezeway in a hurried fashion." The officers testified that the breezeway from which Peters exited was known for heavy drug sales. When Peters saw the officers, he became very nervous and continued to hurry out of the complex toward his car. After stopping Peters and asking him for identification, Officer West reached into Peters' pants and removed a "three to four-inch cookie-sized chunk" of crack cocaine and two bags of marijuana.
When reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we may consider trial testimony in addition to the testimony submitted during the motion to suppress hearing. Sanders v. State, 235 Ga. 425, 431-32(2) ( 219 S.E.2d 768) (1975).
1. In his first enumeration of error, Peters asserts the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress because the officers did not have the articulable suspicion necessary to detain him.
[United States] Supreme Court holdings sculpt out, at least theoretically, three tiers of police-citizen encounters: (1) communication between police and citizens involving no coercion or detention and therefore without the compass of the Fourth Amendment, (2) brief "seizures" that must be supported by reasonable suspicion, and (3) full-scale arrests that must be supported by probable cause.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) McAdoo v. State, 164 Ga. App. 23, 26(1) ( 295 S.E.2d 114) (1982).
In the first [tier], police officers may approach citizens, ask for identification, and freely question the citizen without any basis or belief that the citizen is involved in criminal activity, as long as the officers do not detain the citizen or create the impression that the citizen may not leave. The second tier occurs when the officer actually conducts a brief investigative Terry stop of the citizen. In this level, a police officer, even in the absence of probable cause, may stop persons and detain them briefly, when the officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the persons are involved in criminal activity.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) McClain v. State, 226 Ga. App. 714, 716(1) ( 487 S.E.2d 471) (1997).
In order to address Peters' first enumeration of error, we must first determine whether the initial contact between the officers and Peters should be categorized as a first or a second tier encounter. Because the officers verbally commanded Peters to stop and prevented him from entering his automobile, we find that it was a second tier encounter for which a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity was required. See State v. Robinson, 239 Ga. App. 340 ( 521 S.E.2d 380) (1999).
In this case, the officers lacked the requisite suspicion. Peters did not flee from a high drug sale area at the sight of the officers. Compare Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119 (Case No. 98-1036, January 12, 2000) (defendant "looked in the direction of the officers and fled"); Harris v. State, 205 Ga. App. 813, 814(1) ( 423 S.E.2d 723) (1992) (when defendant and others "saw the patrol car, they began running"). Instead, Peters continued hurrying toward his car, just as he was before he spotted the officers. See State v. Winnie, 242 Ga. App. 228 ( 529 S.E.2d 215). Appearing nervous in the presence police officers also falls short of the reasonable, articulable suspicion required by Terry. See Holt v. State, 227 Ga. App. 46, 50 ( 487 S.E.2d 629) (1997).
Since the officers stopped Peters without a reasonable, articulable suspicion that he was engaged or about to engage in criminal activity, the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of this unlawful stop and seizure of his person.
2. Based on our holding in Division 1, Peters' remaining enumerations of error are moot.
Judgment reversed. Blackburn, P.J., and Eldridge, J, concur fully and specially.
DECIDED MARCH 16, 2000.
I concur fully in the majority opinion and write only to make clear certain, specific facts of this case.
1. The record regarding the stop is quite clear. It is uncontroverted that Officers West and Waltower verbally ordered Peters to stop, and, after he obeyed their command, the officers approached Peters for questioning. The officers did so solely because Peters was "hurrying" away from a known drug sale location. Peters appeared "nervous" to the officers only after he had already been stopped:
[Suppression Hearing: Officer Waltower:] We observed a black male, the defendant, come out of a breeze way in a hurried fashion. . . . He was basically coming in our direction towards a yellow vehicle in a hurried fashion. When he saw us, he became very nervous . . . When he saw us, he came almost to a complete stop and began looking around as if he was looking for an escape avenue. . . . He was stopped by myself and Officer West. . . . He was stopped with a verbal command. . . . [He] [d]id obey our verbal commands to stop. . . . He was in the parking lot near his vehicle[.] . . .
[Q:] Was he doing anything else that was suspicious?
[Waltower:] When he was stopped, sir, he became very nervous.
[Q:] When he was stopped?
[Waltower:] Yes, sir.
and also from the trial:
[Trial Testimony: Officer Waltower:] [W]e observed a black male, later identified as Carlos Peters, was coming up from one of the lower levels in the breeze way in a hurried fashion, going towards a yellow Buick Regal, I believe it was." "We stopped Mr. Peters. He seemed to be quite nervous when we stopped him. I believe Officer West questioned him as to what he was doing[.]" (Emphasis supplied.)
[Trial Testimony: Officer West:] [W]e walked around Building 2801, we observed Mr. Peters run from a breeze way where drugs is heavily sold. . . . He was hastily walking towards his car. . . . Based on him running from the breeze way, I attempted to stop him to identify him.
That Peters may have appeared "nervous" or looked like he wanted an "escape avenue" when he was stopped cannot, after the fact, supply reasonable articulable suspicion to do what the officers had already done. Hurrying to one's automobile — even in a known drug sale location — is not, alone, sufficient to erode the people's Constitutional right against unreasonable government intrusion. See, e.g., Hughes v. State, 269 Ga. 258, 260 ( 497 S.E.2d 790) (1998). Unsupported by any reasonable articulable suspicion that Peters was engaging in or about to engage in criminal activity, the stop was an unconstitutional detention.
2. Even if the officers had been able to articulate a reasonable suspicion to justify a second tier Terry stop of Peters, the subsequent search was bad. There were no exigent circumstances which would permit the officers to abandon a Terry protective pat-down, reach into the compliant suspect's pants, and remove a paper towel to see what's in it.
In Terry v. Ohio, supra, the court's emphasis upon the procedures followed by the officer indicates that a two-step process must ordinarily be followed: (1) The officer must pat down first, and (2) then intrude beneath the surface only if he comes upon something which feels like a weapon.
Clark v. State, 208 Ga. App. 896, 900 ( 432 S.E.2d 220) (1993). "More invasive procedures have been approved where an officer has had a reasonable basis for concluding that a suspect was armed or was otherwise a threat to his personal safety. See Hayes v. State, 202 Ga. App. 204 ( 414 S.E.2d 321) (1991)." State v. Newton, 227 Ga. App. 394, 396(1) ( 489 S.E.2d 147) (1997). But implicit in this holding is that the officer concluded that the suspect was armed or was otherwise a threat to his personal safety and can articulate a basis for his conclusion so that a Terry protective pat-down would not be reasonable under the circumstances. Hayes v. State, supra at 206-207. Here, the officers never testified that they concluded Peters was armed and dangerous.
In fact, Officer West (who conducted the search) testified that he felt "suspicion" because Peters appeared to be concealing something behind his right hand. So, West turned Peters around and moved the offending hand. Peters was compliant and non-threatening throughout these maneuvers. Clearly, after West moved Peters' hand, nothing was then being concealed.
However, after West moved Peters' hand, West saw a "bulge": "His hand over his waistline. When I removed the hand, that is when I noticed the bulge in his waistline." West testified that he had no idea what the "bulge" was; that he "didn't draw any conclusions." The "bulge," itself, was a white paper towel wrapped around a 3-4 inch chunk of crack cocaine and two small baggies containing less than an ounce of marijuana in total. Neither West nor Waltower testified that they thought the "bulge" looked like a weapon. Nor did they know Peters or have reason to suspect him, specifically, to be armed. Officer West provided no explanation for not patting down Peters before he "removed his hand from his waistline, pulled the pants back[,] observed the bulge," and "reached" for it. Officer West may have recited the litany that he checked Peters for "my safety to check for a weapon," but, at the same time, he stated that he also checked him "for whatever else he was concealing"; West provided no evidence to demonstrate that the Terry pat-down was dispensed with because West's safety was in jeopardy or might be if he did not immediately, prior to a protective pat-down, remove the white paper towel he discovered when he looked in Peters' pants.
Clearly, if a Terry protective pat-down had been conducted and the officer had felt an object whose contour or mass made its identity immediately apparent, there would have been no invasion of Peter's privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer's search for weapons. Under this "plain feel" exception, the warrantless seizure of the object in Peters' clothing would be justified by the same practical considerations that inhere in the plain-view context. Of course, such concept has no application here, since a protective pat-down was not performed and the officer testified that he had no idea what the object was before he reached into Peter's waistband to retrieve it. Tukes v. State, 236 Ga. App. 77, 79 ( 511 S.E.2d 534) (1999); Dills v. State, 237 Ga. App. 165, 168 ( 514 S.E.2d 917) (1999).
While officer safety is of paramount importance, an officer must provide some evidence to show that an act performed under the aegises of "for my safety" is actually for such purpose and either follows the constitutional guidelines of Terry or has an appropriate basis for a departure therefrom. Absent any testimony that the "officer had a reasonable basis for concluding that [Peters] was armed or was otherwise a threat to his personal safety" so as to avoid the constitutional requirements of Terry, the search of Peters was unconstitutional.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Blackburn joins me in this concurrence.