Opinion
Docket Nos. 77142, 77560.
Decided August 5, 1986.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and William E. Molnar, Richard T. O'Neill and Edwin M. Bladen, Assistant Attorneys General, for the people.
Stewart A. Christian, for defendant Gilbert Service Oil Company.
Weller, Cella Simmons (by Robert F. Cella), for defendants Don Foster Oil Company and Richard Bruner.
Brott, Conaway Kipley, P.C. (by Robert W. Brott), for defendant Ronald Ayers.
Michael D. Lewis, P.C. (by Michael D. Lewis), for Orth Oil, Inc., Kenneth Orth and Ronald Orth.
Bensinger Combs, P.C. (by Michael D. Combs), for Dale Johnson.
Honigman, Miller, Schwartz Cohn (by James K. Robinson, David A. Ettinger and Brian D. Figot), and Running, Wise Wilson (by T.J. Phillips, Jr.), for Schmuckal Oil Company.
Reynolds H. Campbell, for Imperial Oil and Lewis Johnson.
Barris, Sott, Denn Driker (by Eugene Driker and Charles S. Rudy), for W.R. Milligan.
Coulter, Cunningham, Davison Read (by Terrence J. Raven), for Woodland Oil Company, Inc.
Graff Hunt (by Rex O. Graff, Jr.), for William Blair.
Leave having been granted, the people appeal an order of the Grand Traverse Circuit Court which affirmed an order of dismissal in the 86th District Court. Delayed appeal was granted for a cross-appeal filed by defendant Woodland Oil Company, which seeks review of earlier interlocutory rulings, not the order of the circuit court.
Defendants are distributors and retailers of gasoline and oil products in the Traverse City and Northern Lower Peninsula markets. The Attorney General charged defendants with conspiracy to fix the retail price of motor vehicle fuel, MCL 750.558; MSA 28.826, alleging that in late 1976 or early January, 1977, defendants Orths, Gordon Grapes, Ronald Ayers, Lewis Johnson and Imperial Oil Company held meetings to agree upon the retail price of motor vehicle fuel to be sold to consumers at retail outlets in the Traverse City market. Woodland Oil Company, Russell Milligan, and Schmuckal Oil Company also allegedly joined the other defendants in their agreement to fix prices in 1978.
At about the same time, these defendants also allegedly entered into agreements through communications with defendants Foster, Bruner, Nelson, Blair and Dale Johnson to expand the conspiracy beyond Traverse City to markets in the general Northern Michigan area. The complaint further alleges that, from 1978 until the date of the complaint, defendants
conducted a reciprocal exchange of wholesale and retail price information between each other by having their employees or each other conduct surveys of each other's prices in order to monitor and police their understandings, agreements and conspiracy to control, fix, stabilize and maintain the retail prices of motor vehicle fuel in the Traverse City market, as well as in the market surrounding Traverse City, including the environs of the County of Grand Traverse and surrounding and contiguous counties.
Finally, it is charged that the defendants made personal visits to retail dealers in Grand Traverse and other counties for the purpose of discussing retail prices and to convince or coerce these dealers to adhere to defendants' price changes as they were made.
At the preliminary examination a great deal of testimony was presented by certain alleged coconspirators (who had agreed to give testimony in exchange for immunity) about conversations that took place among various defendants with respect to setting prices and about keeping prices stable. The district court concluded that the bulk of the people's evidence was hearsay. The court recognized that hearsay evidence is admissible only after the existence of a conspiracy has been proved by independent evidence and found that, absent the hearsay evidence, inconclusive circumstantial evidence remained. Upon appeal, the circuit court found that the district court did not err in determining that independent evidence of a conspiracy needed to be presented prior to the admission of the hearsay evidence and that the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that insufficient circumstantial evidence existed apart from the hearsay evidence to support a bindover.
The people now claim on appeal that the evidence produced at the preliminary examination supported and compelled a finding of conspiracy to fix prices of motor vehicle fuel such that the district court abused its discretion in failing to bind defendants over for trial.
The abuse of discretion standard is indeed the correct measure with which to review the magistrate's decision. People v Schaffer, 129 Mich. App. 287, 290; 341 N.W.2d 507 (1983), lv den
418 Mich. 933 (1984). That standard has been defined by this Court:
"`In order to have an "abuse" in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.'" [ People v Allen Alexander, 112 Mich. App. 357, 359; 315 N.W.2d 543 (1981).]
As a threshold matter, the magistrate must of course be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence that an offense has been committed and that there is probable cause to believe that the defendant or defendants committed it. People v King, 412 Mich. 145, 154; 312 N.W.2d 629 (1981). The magistrate has the duty to pass judgment on the credibility of witnesses as well as the weight and competency of the evidence, but should not take the place of a trier of fact and discharge a defendant when the evidence conflicts or there is reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt. Id., pp 153-154.
The district court's inquiry into probable cause is not limited to whether the prosecution has presented evidence on each element of the offense, but rather extends to whether probable cause exists after an examination of the entire matter. People v Salazar, 124 Mich. App. 249; 333 N.W.2d 567 (1983). In reaching his or her decision to bind a defendant over for trial, a magistrate may consider only legally admissible evidence. People v Kubasiak, 98 Mich. App. 529, 536; 296 N.W.2d 298 (1980), lv den 409 Mich. 948 (1980). See, also, People v Charles D Walker, 385 Mich. 565; 189 N.W.2d 234 (1971).
The people urge this Court to find that the magistrate abused his discretion in failing to bind defendants over for trial based on the evidence presented at the preliminary examination. The district court properly recognized that a coconspirator's statements may only be admitted after the conspiracy is shown by independent evidence, and by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Moscara, 140 Mich. App. 316; 364 N.W.2d 318 (1985); MRE 801(d)(2)(E); People v Suchy, 143 Mich. App. 136; 371 N.W.2d 502 (1985).
We note also that the majority of federal antitrust cases involving antitrust suits hold that there must be independent proof aliunde of the existence of a membership in a conspiracy before a coconspirator's statements are admissible against a defendant. See, In re Japanese Electronic Products Antitrust Litigation, 723 F.2d 238, 261 (CA 3, 1983), and United States v Aeroquip Corp, 284 F. Supp. 114, 116 (ED Mich, 1968).
A review of the evidence presented at the preliminary examination shows that the people failed to establish any independent proof of the existence of the alleged conspiracy outside that of the hearsay testimony of the coconspirators.
Although the argument of the people focuses on the magistrate's initial decision that he would receive hearsay testimony during the examination, it is clear that the same was solely a means of eliciting all possible evidence. As stated in Salazar, supra, a magistrate's inquiry must be based on whether probable cause exists after examination of the whole matter.
We find that the district court properly exercised its discretion in failing to bind over these defendants for trial when it recognized the requirement of independent proof of the conspiracy before admitting hearsay evidence of a coconspirator.
The foregoing being dispositive of the entire matter, we find it unnecessary to discuss other points raised by the various parties on appeal.
Affirmed.