Opinion
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the city and county of San Francisco, and from an order denying a new trial.
COUNSEL
J. N.E. Wilson, and T. D. Riordan, for Appellant.
Attorney-General Johnson, for Respondent.
JUDGES: In Bank. De Haven, J. McFarland, J., Garoutte, J., Harrison, J., Paterson, J., Sharpstein, J., and Beatty, C. J., concurred.
OPINION
DE HAVEN, Judge
The defendant was by information charged with the murder of one Leuy Jing. He was tried and convicted of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to be imprisoned for life. He appeals from the judgment, and order refusing him a new trial. Upon the trial, one Chang Fook, a witness for the peop le, testified: "I was going up Baker's Alley [25 P. 1100] on the night of the 13th of July, 1889, in San Francisco.. .. I saw Leuy Jing coming down the alley and the defendant coming seven or eight steps behind him. I saw the defendant fire a pistol at Leuy Jing. After the defendant fired the shot he ran back up the alley, while Leuy Jing kind of hurried off down towards Dupont Street.. .. When I saw Leuy Jing shot he ran down the alley.. .. He said, 'Save life,' and he said, 'Sun Wing has shot me.'"
There was also introduced the dying declarations of the deceased, which were, in substance, that the defendant shot him; that he turned and saw him; that defendant followed him out of his room. He further said: "He accused me of asking Cum Moon for money. I did not attempt to hurt him or any one."
This was all of the evidence in the case tending to show the circumstances of the shooting, and the court gave the following instruction to the jury: "If the testimony bearing upon the question of the killing, so far simply as the deceased is concerned, and the means by which he came to his end, are believed by you, it would undoubtedly make out a case by the prosecution of murder in the first degree, under the statutes. The testimony tends to show, under the circumstances, that the killing -- whoever committed it -- must have been deliberate, must have been premeditated, must have been unlawful, and must have been malicious. All the elements of murder in the first degree occur upon the testimony, if believed, as given in the case, and by the conversation of certain persons. The only question would be as to who committed the murder. The testimony is, I believe, uncontradicted, that this man, the deceased, was shot in that alley, in what is called Chinatown, in this city, in the night, in the back, that he ran a short distance, fell, and was picked up, and died of that wound, and that the murderer -- so far as the immediate evidence is concerned as to the act of killing -- escaped from the spot without any further detection than this given by the testimony of one witness who professes to have seen the transaction."
This instruction contravenes section 19 of article 6 of the constitution of this state, which declares: "Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law." (People v. Ybarra , 17 Cal. 171; People v. Ah Lee , 60 Cal. 85.)
In People v. Ybarra , 17 Cal. 171, the court, speaking through Cope, J., say: "This provision is violated whenever a judge so instructs as to force the jury to a particular conclusion upon the whole or any part of the case, or to take away their exclusive right to weigh the evidence and determine the facts. The meaning of the provision is, that the judge shall decide upon the law, and the jury upon the facts, and that the former shall not invade the province nor usurp the powers of the latter. The judge has no more right to control the opinion of the jury upon a matter of fact than the jury have to disregard the directions of the judge upon a matter of law."
There is no question arising in a trial for murder more peculiarly or purely one of fact than the one whether the killing was done with deliberation and premeditation, or in the decision of which so much is necessarily left to the sound sense, discretion, and experience of the jury, who, under the constitution, are made the exclusive triers of that issue. In People v. Ah Lee , 60 Cal. 86, this court said: "And we think it to be well settled in this state that it was error to instruct the jury that there were no circumstances in the case to reduce the offense below that of murder in the first degree. The question whether the killing was perpetrated with the deliberation and premeditation necessary to constitute it murder in the first degree was one which it was 'peculiarly the province of the jury to determine.'"
If the witnesses in this case had testified to a taking of the life of deceased under any of the circumstances enumerated by section 189 of the Penal Code as conclusive evidence of murder in the first degree, such as by means of poison, lying in wait, or torture, it may be that an instruction in the form given by the court below could be upheld, as in that case, if the evidence were true, it could be said as a matter of law, that the crime committed was murder in the first degree, because the act itself is made conclusive evidence of the fact that it was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. But the question arising upon the evidence here is far different; and whether the shooting of Leuy Jing was willful, deliberate, and premeditated was purely a question of fact to be determined as an inference from all the circumstances surrounding the act, and was solely a matter for the jury to find and declare for themselves. No matter how clearly it may have appeared to the court that the circumstances or manner of the killing, as given by the witness, would, if truly given, furnish sufficient evidence of everything essential to make the killing murder in the first degree, still, the constitution forbade the judge to announce his conclusion to the jury. The defendant was entitled to have that question submitted for decision to the jury alone, as being the only persons authorized to pass upon it, and was entitled to a verdict, based upon their own judgment, entirely uninfluenced by the opinion of the court as to what inferences of fact should be drawn from the evidence relating to the act by means of which the killing was effected.
2. Nor can this court weigh the testimony for the purpose of determining whether the verdict of the jury is not right upon the evidence. What was said by the court in People v. Valencia , 43 Cal. 556, is in point here: "We are not justified in saying that the error was productive of no injury to the defendants because we may be satisfied that the jury ought to have found from the evidence, as they did, that the defendants are guilty of murder in the first degree. The question as to the deliberation and premeditation of the defendants is one which is peculiarly the province of the jury to determine; and should we sustain the charge of the court because of the apparently satisfact ory character of the evidence, that question [25 P. 1101] would virtually be withdrawn from the jury."
3. The error in this charge was not cured by this subsequent statement of the court: "I am not allowed to assist you in any way by suggestions on the testimony. And if you should think that there is any intimation of my opinion, or anything else, you should utterly disregard it. It is only your business to decide these questions of fact."
This was not a withdrawal or a qualification of the former statement of the court, that the killing of Leuy Jing was murder in the first degree, if the witnesses for the prosecution were believed.
Other parts of the charge are excepted to, but it is not necessary to pass upon any other assignment of error in the case.
Judgment and order reversed.