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In People v Wilkins, 134 Mich. App. 39; 349 N.W.2d 815 (1984), lv den 422 Mich. 862 (1985), a nine-year-old girl told a doctor at the Family Assessment Clinic at Michigan State University of a history of sexual abuse by her stepfather, who was prosecuted and convicted therefor.
Summary of this case from People v. KostersOpinion
Docket No. 70349.
Decided April 17, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Peter D. Houk, Prosecuting Attorney, Janis L. Blough, Chief Appellate Attorney, and Charles R. Toy, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by P.E. Bennett), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(a); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(a), and was sentenced to a prison term of from 6 to 20 years. Defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant argues that the trial judge erred by admitting the testimony of a physician which related the victim's account of the offense and identified the defendant as the perpetrator.
The physician was Dr. Susan Scheurer, Director of the Family Assessment Clinic at Michigan State University. The victim was the nine-year-old daughter of defendant's wife. The victim was referred to the clinic by a doctor from the emergency room of the Ingham County Medical Center who examined the victim and by the Ingham County Department of Protective Services for Children.
Defendant argues that the testimony of Dr. Scheurer, which contained the history of the sexual abuse related to her by the victim, was inadmissible hearsay. The trial court ruled, and the prosecutor argues, that this testimony was admissible under the medical treatment exception to the hearsay rule. MRE 803 provides:
"The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
* * *
"(4) Statements made for purposes of medical treatment or medical diagnosis in connection with treatment. Statements made for purposes of medical treatment or medical diagnosis in connection with treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably necessary to such diagnosis and treatment." (Emphasis supplied.)
The defendant does not suggest that the victim's statements to Dr. Scheurer were not made for medical treatment or medical diagnosis. Rather, defendant asserts that these statements were not reasonably necessary to such diagnosis and treatment. Specifically, defendant argues that Dr. Scheurer's testimony, which identified the defendant as the perpetrator and described the context in which the acts were committed, was not necessary for the victim's medical treatment and diagnosis. Defendant also contends that admission of testimony such as Dr. Scheurer's goes far beyond the scope of the exception and will result in a revival of the tender years exception overruled in People v Kreiner, 415 Mich. 372; 329 N.W.2d 716 (1982).
Since there are no Michigan cases on point, we look to the federal rules and decisions for guidance. FRE 803(4) is identical to MRE 803(4), except that FRE 803(4) is broader in that it only restricts the exception to statements "insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment". FRE 803(4). (Emphasis supplied.) In United States v Iron Shell, 633 F.2d 77 (CA 8, 1980), cert den 450 U.S. 1001; 101 S Ct 1709; 68 L Ed 2d 203 (1981), the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals discussed the application of FRE 803(4) to the testimony of an examining physician which contained a repetition of a nine-year-old victim's description of an assault as related to the physician by the victim. The court stated that there are two independent rationales for the medical treatment exception. The first is that the patient's statements are likely to be reliable because the patient has a strong motivation to tell the truth, as diagnosis and treatment depend in a large part upon what the patient says to the physician. The second rationale is that facts reliable enough to serve as a basis for medical diagnosis are also reliable enough to escape the hearsay proscription. Since life and death decisions are made by physicians in reliance on the facts related by the patient, they should have sufficient trustworthiness to be admissible in a court of law. Consequently, the court in Iron Shell fashioned a two-part test to determine whether statements were "reasonably pertinent" to diagnosis or treatment. First, the declarant's motive must be consistent with the purpose of the rule; and second, it must be reasonable for the physician to rely on the information in diagnosis and treatment. Iron Shell, supra, pp 83-84. On the basis of this two-part test, the court held that the statements made to the physician were reasonably pertinent to diagnosis and treatment. Iron Shell, supra, pp 84-85.
A similar analysis can be applied to the facts of the instant case under MRE 803(4). First, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the victim's motive in making the statements to Dr. Scheurer was other than as a patient seeking treatment. The age of the patient mitigates against a finding that the statements were not within the traditional rationale of the rule. Iron Shell, supra, p 84. Further, the Family Assessment Clinic deals with the special problems of children. Therefore, Dr. Scheurer would be able to effectively judge the reliability of a child's description of a sexual assault. In fact, Dr. Scheurer testified that the victim related the story in "childlike language" that was consistent with her age. Consequently, the statements made by the victim to Dr. Scheurer were sufficiently reliable to justify bringing them within the rationale of the medical treatment exception to the hearsay rule.
Secondly, the information elicited from the victim by Dr. Scheurer was necessary to her diagnosis and treatment. The defense argues, however, that it was not necessary to identify the defendant for purposes of treatment. The general rule is that statements as to fault do not ordinarily qualify as necessary for treatment. Iron Shell, supra, p 84; Bradbury v Ford Motor Co, 123 Mich. App. 179, 187; 333 N.W.2d 214 (1983). However, in this case, it was necessary for Dr. Scheurer to identify the source of the victim's sexual abuse. Dr. Scheurer testified that the role of her clinic is to assess difficult parent-child problems. In a sexual abuse case, the clinic diagnoses and treats the medical, physical, developmental, and psychological components of a sexual abuse case. There is no way in which the clinic could adequately diagnose and treat the impact of sexual abuse on a child unless it was known that the source of the abuse was a family member. Part of the treatment that was recommended for the victim was that she begin seeing a child psychologist and that she be removed, through the probate court, from her home. This treatment would have been impossible had the clinic not known that the source of the sexual abuse was the victim's stepfather. Consequently, the statements elicited from her were reasonably necessary to her diagnosis and treatment. We therefore hold that the trial court correctly admitted the testimony of Dr. Scheurer under MRE 803(4).
Defendant's contention, that the admission of this testimony evaded the holding of People v Kreiner, 415 Mich. 372; 329 N.W.2d 716 (1982), is without merit. In Kreiner, the Supreme Court found that the tender years exception did not survive the adoption of the Michigan Rules of Evidence. The Court held that the admission of a hearsay statement by a child of tender years is proper only if the foundational criteria of one of the hearsay exceptions are met. In this case, the trial judge found that the testimony was admissible within MRE 803(4). Therefore, the trial judge was not evading the holding of Kreiner.
Defendant also argues that allowing the use of the medical treatment exception in the instant case will enlarge the scope of such exception. Defendant argues that because the medical treatment exception is not by its terms limited to doctors the potential sources of hearsay will be virtually unlimited. He concludes that such sources could even include the investigating police officers who have made the decision to refer the victim for medical treatment. We disagree with this argument. As the prosecutor points out, the scope of the rule becomes much narrower when the statement is not made directly to a physician by a patient seeking diagnosis or treatment. The treatment that a police officer can give is limited to finding medical assistance for the victim. Much more information is necessary when there is a psychiatric components to the diagnosis and treatment. While disclosure of the identity of the assailant would be reasonably necessary for psychiatric treatment, statements for the purpose of treatment of a surface injury would seldom, if ever, require the disclosure of the identity of the person who caused the injury.
Defendant claims that he was denied adequate notice of the charge because the victim was unable to testify to the exact date of the offense. Since defendant made no objection at trial to the information or to the prosecutor's amendment of the information, defendant has not preserved this issue for review. People v Bowyer, 108 Mich. App. 517, 523; 310 N.W.2d 445 (1981), lv den 414 Mich. 851 (1982), and the cases cited therein.
Affirmed.
I concur for the reason that the record clearly indicates that the victim testified, identified the defendant, and described in some detail the acts performed by the defendant. Therefore, the testimony of Dr. Scheurer was used to corroborate the victim's testimony. I reserve judgment on the issue of whether a doctor's testimony can be used to convict a defendant where the victim is unavailable and the doctor's testimony is the only evidence linking the defendant to the crime.
See Goldade v Wyoming, 674 P.2d 721 (Wy, 1983), for a case in which the doctor's testimony was the only evidence linking a defendant mother to a child abuse case since the child was ruled incompetent to testify due to "shyness and awe". There was a vigorous dissent which was based upon the opinion that the majority had overextended the rule of evidence and was too results-oriented.
This case demonstrates the unsatisfactory methods available for establishing guilt or innocence in parent-child incest cases. The child is frequently so traumatized by the events and by the adversary nature of trial procedure that evidence produced at trial is often of questionable reliability. The psychological damage done to a child by requiring in-court testimony can be permanently devastating. On the other hand, allowing a defendant to be convicted, in whole or in part, on the testimony of a doctor who has elicited the facts during the course of treatment also leaves much to be desired.
This problem was addressed in a significant way by the Journal of Law Reform of the University of Michigan in Note, Parent-Child Incest: Proof at Trial Without Testimony in Court by the Victim, 15 Mich J L R 131 (1981). The note suggests that there are better ways to handle incest trials, including having the victim interviewed by a court-appointed expert under controlled, video-recorded conditions where the victim is unaware that the interview is being recorded. Defendant and his attorney would have the opportunity to suggest lines of inquiry to the expert; the interview would be played in court and the expert would be subjected to cross-examination. The note concludes that such a method would satisfy the constitutional requirements of due process and the right to confrontation of witnesses.
While I express no opinion on the advisability and constitutionality of such a procedure, the issue deserves further attention and the problem is respectfully addressed to the bench, the bar, and the Legislature for such action as is deemed appropriate.