Summary
In People v Wilder, 82 Mich. App. 358; 266 N.W.2d 847 (1978), this Court recently affirmed the codefendant's conviction of first-degree murder and vacated his conviction of armed robbery, the latter being a necessary element of the former under the prosecution's theory of the case.
Summary of this case from People v. ButtsOpinion
Docket No. 77-1305.
Decided April 4, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Michael R. Mueller, Director, Prosecutor's Repeat Offenders Bureau, and Raymond P. Walsh, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Carl Ziemba, for defendant on appeal.
Before: BEASLEY, P.J., and BASHARA and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
Defendant appeals his conviction by a jury of first-degree murder and armed robbery. The prosecution sought to establish that defendant and his codefendant, Lee Chester Butts, killed the victim during the course of an armed robbery.
MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548.
MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797.
While instructing the jury, the trial court referred to the weapon used to kill the victim as the "murder weapon". Defendant urges that such reference effectively negated the presumption of innocence by establishing in the minds of the jurors that a murder had been committed. However, the defense theory at trial did not refute the allegation that a murder had been committed. Rather, the defendant contended that he was not present at the scene of the crime at the time it was perpetrated. Consequently, we fail to perceive how the trial court's choice of terms prejudiced defendant's case.
Similarly, we find no merit in defendant's contention that the trial court depreciated the presumption of innocence by other specified statements in the jury instructions. To the contrary, when read in their entirety, the instructions are replete with statements placing the burden of proof upon the prosecution and emphasizing that defendant was not required to prove anything. This allegation of prejudice cannot be established by extracting selected statements from the context of the instructions, which must be read and assessed as a whole. See People v Frank Johnson, 58 Mich. App. 1; 226 N.W.2d 730 (1975), People v Musser, 53 Mich. App. 683; 219 N.W.2d 781 (1974), lv den, 392 Mich. 798 (1974).
Defendant maintains that the trial court's instruction on first-degree murder is reversibly erroneous. Essentially, that instruction enjoined the jury to find guilt if they concluded that the victim was "killed" by an act committed in the perpetration of the armed robbery.
This issue has resulted in diametric opinions from this Court. Compare People v Till, 80 Mich. App. 16; 263 N.W.2d 586 (1977), with People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976). We subscribe to the conclusion expressed in Till and, therefore, find no reversible error in the import of the trial court's instruction.
We also are of the opinion that the common-law felony-murder rule has been a part of Michigan's jurisprudence since admission to statehood and from that time has governed the application of the first-degree murder statute. A rule with such historical foundation, especially in the area of criminal law, should not be modified except by legislative enactment. To do otherwise would, as long ago recognized, deviate from that "safe and necessary rule that criminal law should not be tampered with except by legislation". In the Matter of Eugene Lamphere, 61 Mich. 105, 108-109; 27 N.W. 882 (1886).
Another instructional error is claimed by defendant regarding the alibi defense raised at trial. He contends that the trial court's instruction impermissibly shifted the burden of proving the alibi to defendant and failed to properly advise the jury that, even if the alibi fell short of establishing a perfect defense, it could also operate to raise a reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt.
An evaluation of the alibi instruction supports neither of defendant's contentions. Throughout, the trial court emphasized that the burden of proving defendant's guilt was upon the prosecution. Further, the trial court advised the jury that, if the evidence established the alibi, the defendant must be found not guilty. The instruction also informed the jury that if the perfect defense was not found, to convict the defendant they must, nevertheless, find from the prosecution's evidence that the defendant was proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This latter finding must necessarily encompass a conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was present at the scene of the crime at the time it was committed.
Our assessment of the alibi instruction discloses that all of the operative characteristics of the defense suggested by the proposed Criminal Jury Instructions were covered by the trial court. From our observations, the proposed instructions appear to succinctly and clearly state the appropriate law on the topics covered, and we would urge the trial courts to make use of them. Extensive use would provide the essential information necessary to facilitate a comprehensive analysis of their value in the criminal litigation context.
Defendant's remaining contention, warranting brief discussion, concerns his conviction of both first-degree murder and armed robbery. Since the latter is a necessary element of the former under the prosecution's theory of the case, the armed robbery conviction must be vacated. See People v Stewart (On Rehearing), 400 Mich. 540; 256 N.W.2d 31 (1977). Defendant's other contentions do not merit discussion.
Accordingly, defendant's conviction of first-degree murder is affirmed, and the conviction of armed robbery is vacated.
BEASLEY, P.J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent.
Although I concur in the majority's holding that the conviction of armed robbery must be vacated, I cannot agree to the majority's findings in two of the issues raised by the defendant that I believe mandate reversal.
In regard to the court's instruction on the elements of felony murder, I reaffirm my dissent in People v Till, 80 Mich. App. 16; 263 N.W.2d 586 (1977), in which I set forth my approval of People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976).
Also, I am persuaded that the court's alibi instruction was erroneous.
The pertinent portion of that instruction reads:
"If you believe from the testimony that you have heard that Mr. Wilder was some place else when this crime occurred, if you find out that this is a crime, you must find him not guilty, if he was some place else.
"Now if you do not believe his defense — now listen carefully — you must not convict him upon that alone because you must keep in mind that he didn't have to bring that up to you. The test is is he guilty beyond a reasonable doubt upon the evidence that the prosecution has brought you, not what he's brought you.
"In other words, what I am saying is this: if you decide that the witnesses that testified for him just totally lied to you, that's not enough for you to convict him upon. You can consider that, but you then must go to the prosecution's case and say did the prosecutor prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt? Now I hope you understand me. If you do not believe his witnesses that is not enough alone to convict him on. The test is did the prosecution prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Now you must keep in mind, as I have said, alibi is a legal defense, it is a good defense if you believe it." (Emphasis added.)
In People v Erb, 48 Mich. App. 622; 211 N.W.2d 51 (1973), this Court stated:
"An instruction to the jury concerning the defense of alibi must clearly explain that this defense offers two avenues of relief for the defendant. First, if the alibi is established, a perfect defense has been shown and the defendant should accordingly be acquitted. Alternatively and, perhaps, more importantly, the instruction must clearly indicate that if any reasonable doubt exists as to the presence of the defendant at the scene of the crime then, also, the defendant should be acquitted. People v Virgil Brown, 15 Mich. App. 600, 605-606; 167 N.W.2d 107, 110 (1969); People v Loudenslager, 327 Mich. 718, 726; 42 N.W.2d 834, 837 (1950)." (Emphasis added.) 48 Mich App at 630.
The Erb Court's "two avenues of relief" analysis is founded on 80 years of legal precedent. See People v Burden, 395 Mich. 462, 467; 236 N.W.2d 505, 507 (1975), citing People v Resh, 107 Mich. 251; 65 N.W. 99 (1895). Where an alibi instruction fails to clearly enunciate the dual purposes of alibi testimony, this Court has found reversible error. People v John Johnson, 58 Mich. App. 60; 227 N.W.2d 228 (1975), People v William Johnson, 54 Mich. App. 678; 221 N.W.2d 452 (1974), People v McShan, 53 Mich. App. 407; 219 N.W.2d 792 (1974). See also, People v Marvill, 236 Mich. 595; 211 N.W. 23 (1926).
Although the trial court did instruct that the prosecution had to prove defendant's guilt, and by implication his presence at the scene of the crime, beyond a reasonable doubt, I remain convinced that the instruction failed to clearly set forth to the jury that such a doubt could arise by virtue of the alibi testimony. On the contrary, the instruction can be reasonably read to have informed the jury that if they rejected the alibi as a perfect defense, they were to consider reasonable doubt solely on the prosecution's case-in-chief, with total disregard of the alibi evidence presented by the defense. I find the court's instruction erroneous and grounds for reversal of the conviction.
Finally, I disagree with the majority's treatment of the trial court's statement that the "murder weapon" had not been found. The majority appears to argue that since the defense was alibi, a statement that may have been perceived by the jury to have been the court's personal belief that a murder had been committed was not prejudicial. This argument ignores the prosecution's duty, in all criminal cases, to prove the elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. A defense of alibi is not an admission that a murder occurred, it is merely a statement that if such an act was committed, it is not this defendant who is guilty of the crime. Under the reasoning of the majority, could not a trial court instruct a jury, where the defense is alibi, that the prosecution's case establishes the commission of the crime and that they thus need not deliberate on the elements? I doubt whether any appellate court would uphold such an instruction.
In People v Reed, 393 Mich. 342, 348-351; 224 N.W.2d 867 (1975), the Supreme Court stated that such an instruction is "patently wrong" and grounds for reversal.
Although I would find the court's statements to be both erroneous and prejudicial, I would not find them to require reversal. No objection was raised to the court's apparently inadvertent use of the term "murder weapon". Had a prompt objection been raised, the court could have corrected its instruction, thereby eliminating any possibility of improperly influencing the jury. People v Humphreys, 24 Mich. App. 411; 180 N.W.2d 328 (1970).
Although the Supreme Court in Reed, supra, held that an instruction that takes away the jury's right to decide on the existence of an essential element is so fundamentally wrong that harmless error cannot apply, I do not find an error of that magnitude here. The trial court below, unlike the Court in Reed, did instruct the jury on the elements of murder, and left that decision to the jury. The challenged statements were prejudicial only in that they may have suggested the court's personal views on the issue.