Opinion
Crim. No. 607.
January 12, 1916.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County, and from an order denying a new trial. H. Z. Austin, Judge.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Everts Ewing, for Appellant.
U.S. Webb, Attorney-General, and Frank L. Guerena. for Respondent.
The defendant in this case, upon an information charging him with the crime of murder, was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to serve a term of eight years in the state prison at San Quentin. The appeal is from the judgment and from an order denying the defendant a new trial.
The facts of the case upon which the people relied for a conviction, briefly stated, are these: At and prior to the time of the alleged commission of the offense the defendant, Roy Wagner, a boy of nineteen years of age, was residing with his father, the deceased, Otto F. Wagner, at the home of the latter near the city of Fresno. At the time of the commission of the offense and for three months prior thereto the defendant was the only person who resided with the deceased. Between the hours of 7 and 8 A. M. on March 15, 1915, the neighbors of the deceased heard a shot apparently fired in the vicinity of the house of the deceased, and about forty minutes thereafter saw the defendant leave his father's house and proceed at a rapid gait toward the near-by home of a Mr. J. H. Fisher. When the defendant arrived there he exclaimed to Fisher, his family, and a hired man named Dickinson, all of whom were seated at the breakfast table, "Come over. I have shot my father, and I think I have killed him." Thereupon Dickinson returned with the defendant to the home of the deceased, and upon arriving there found the dead body of the deceased lying on its back on the floor of the kitchen. Dickinson felt the face of the deceased, and the defendant thereupon exclaimed, "He is dead." Fisher followed some ten minutes later, and upon arriving at the home of the deceased met the defendant at the kitchen door, who then exclaimed, "Isn't it awful." In explanation of how the killing occurred the defendant stated to both Fisher and Dickinson that while seated in a chair he had been cleaning a loaded gun, and that after cleaning the gun he reloaded it, and when attempting to lower the hammer it slipped from his thumb and discharged the contents of a shell into the body of the deceased. The defendant then voluntarily proceeded to show how the killing occurred by illustrating how he sat in the chair, and how he held the gun before and at the moment of its discharge. The defendant further stated that his father, the deceased, had repeatedly cautioned him to be extremely careful in the handling of that particular gun because the hammer thereof was defectively constructed. The autopsy upon the body of the deceased showed that the contents of the shell struck him on the right side of the head above and around the ear, producing a fracture of the skull at the base of the brain. The body of the deceased was found lying in an angular position in front of the kitchen table which was placed before and extended across the window. The feet of the deceased extended under this table. The deceased, so the defendant said, was standing in front of this table at the time the gun was discharged, and the upper sash of the window had two shot holes in it. When Dickinson and Fisher arrived at the home of the deceased the gun which did the killing was standing in a corner of the kitchen behind the kitchen table and adjacent to the window.
The prosecution offered and were permitted to show, over the objection of the defendant, the result of certain experiments made by the district attorney and peace officers in shooting into a wooden figure of about the size of the deceased, for the purpose of rebutting the statements of the defendant that the killing was the result of an accident.
The defendant did not take the stand in his own behalf, and the case was submitted to the jury upon the evidence substantially outlined above.
Proof of the corpus delicti of the conclusive and convincing character required to support a conviction of the crime charged was not a prerequisite to the reception in evidence of the extra-judicial statements of the defendant that he had killed the deceased. Prima facie proof of the corpus delicti was sufficient for that purpose; and it was not essential to the proof and purpose to show that the crime charged was committed by the defendant. ( People v. Vertrees, 169 Cal. 404, [ 146 P. 890]; People v. Rowland, 12 Cal.App. 6, [ 106 P. 428]; People v. Spencer, 16 Cal.App. 756, [ 117 P. 1039].)
We are of the opinion that the evidence relating to the finding of the body of the deceased, its position when found, the location, nature, and result of the gunshot wound which caused the death of the deceased, the position in which the shotgun which did the killing was standing when the body of the deceased was found by Fisher and Dickinson, the remoteness of the gun from the place where the body of the deceased had apparently fallen and remained after the shooting, coupled with the fact that the defendant was seen leaving the house of the deceased and proceeding in the direction of the Fisher place some forty minutes after the sound of a shot was heard by neighbors apparently fired from a gun in the vicinity of the house of the deceased, was not only sufficient to repel the inference that the death of the deceased was self-inflicted, or the result of a stray shot entering through the kitchen window from the gun of a passing hunter, but was sufficient prima facie to establish the corpus delicti as a foundation for the admission in evidence of the extra-judicial statements of the defendant that he had caused the death of the deceased.
It is of no consequence in the present case that proof was not made until after the reception in evidence of the defendant's extra-judicial statements, of the fact as to the time when the defendant was seen leaving the home of the deceased after a shot was heard in that vicinity. If this fact was essential to the proof of the corpus delicti as the foundation for the admission in evidence of the defendant's extra-judicial statements, it ultimately appeared in evidence; and in the absence of a showing that the defendant was prejudiced thereby, the irregularity in the order of proof must be held to be harmless. ( People v. Barnnovich, 16 Cal.App. 427, [ 117 P. 572].)
The trial court erred to the substantial prejudice of the defendant in its ruling permitting the prosecution to show, over detailed and sufficient objections, the result of certain experiments made by the district attorney and others with shots fired from the gun which killed the deceased at and into cardboards and blocks of wood which were intended to represent the deceased, and supposedly placed in the position in which he stood at the time of the killing. The purpose of these experiments, as declared by the district attorney, was "to show the pattern that would be formed by shooting a shell of the same kind that the defendant said was used that morning and using it in the same gun." The evidence concerning the result of the experiments tended to show that if the gun had been discharged on the morning of the killing in the manner and under the same circumstances described by the defendant, the pattern and location of the shot would have been different from the pattern and location of the shot actually found upon the head of the deceased and in the window casement. While the admission of evidence showing the results of experiments is largely within the discretion of the trial court, nevertheless the admission of such evidence is regulated and must be controlled by the well-settled rule that it must be first shown that the experiments relied upon were made under conditions and circumstances which were essentially the same as those which existed when the alleged occurrence took place. ( People v. Woon Tuck Wo, 120 Cal. 294, [52 P. 833]; People v. Hill, 123 Cal. 571, [56 P. 443]; People v. Solani, 6 Cal.App. 103, [ 91 P. 654]; State v. Justus, 11 Or. 178, [50 Am. Rep. 470, 8 P. 337]; Commonwealth v. Piper, 120 Mass. 185.) The rule in this behalf is well stated in the case of Hisler v. State, 52 Fla. 30, [42 So. 692]. In that case the defendant was charged with murder, and his defense was that the shooting which resulted in the death of the deceased was accidental. The prosecution sought to discredit the testimony of the defendant as to the conditions under which the shooting was done by introducing in evidence the result of an experiment made by shooting at a target, and which tended to show the area over which the shot from a gun would scatter at a given distance. The case was reversed partly because of the admission of such evidence without first having laid the full foundation therefor, and in the course of its opinion the court said:
"Evidence of an experiment whereby to test the truth of testimony that a certain thing occurred is not admissible where the conditions attending the alleged occurrence and the experiments are not shown to be similar. The similarity of circumstances and conditions goes to the admissibility of the evidence and must be determined by the court. If in the discretion of the trial court such proffered evidence is rejected, the appellate court will not review the ruling unless an abuse of discretion appears; but where such evidence is admitted over proper objections, and the rule as to similarity of circumstances and conditions attending the occurrence and the experiment does not appear to have been complied with in admitting the evidence, the appellate court will review the ruling, and if error therein be found, and it does not appear from the whole record that no harm could have resulted to the defendant from the admission of such evidence, the error may cause a reversal of the judgment. Evidence of this kind should be received with caution, and only be admitted when it is obvious to the court from the nature of the experiments that the jury will be enlightened rather than confused. In many circumstances a slight change in the conditions under which the experiment is made will so distort the result as to wholly destroy its value as evidence, and make it harmful rather than helpful."
In the present case no showing was made that the experiments were made under circumstances and conditions which were all the same, or substantially the same, as those which existed when the killing occurred. Thus it was not shown, or attempted to be shown, that the block of wood which was supposed to represent the head and body of the deceased stood in the same position and at the same angle as the deceased stood when he was shot. This the prosecution was unable to do because the defendant, in his explanation and illustration of the circumstances attending the shooting, made no reference to the position of the deceased when he was shot further than to say that he was standing in front of the kitchen table washing the dishes; and for aught that appears in the record, the deceased at the time he was shot may have been standing erect at either end of the table, or may have been standing slightly stooped forward with his head turned slightly toward or entirely away from the defendant. Obviously these added and possible circumstances would have materially altered the result of the experiments relied upon; and the fact that the prosecution was unable to reproduce substantially all of the circumstances and conditions attending the killing should have prompted a rigorous enforcement rather than a relaxation of the rule under discussion. Doubtless the result of the experiments erroneously admitted in evidence tended in no small degree to involve in doubt, if not entirely discredit, the defendant's explanation and illustration of the killing which he made to Fisher and Dickinson.
The trial court rightfully refused to give the instruction requested by the defendant which declared that the evidence of the result of experiments should not be "considered material and effective nor conclusive, but as a mere circumstance to be considered in connection with other evidence in the case." Clearly, this instruction was erroneous in the particular that it declared that evidence of the result of experiments was neither material nor effective; and the fact that it in part stated the law correctly to the extent that such evidence was to be considered by the jury with the other evidence in the case neither warranted nor required the giving of the instruction in whole or in part; for it is the rule that the trial court may rightfully refuse a requested instruction which, although correct in part, involves an erroneous statement of the law. ( People v. Davis, 135 Cal. 163, [ 67 P. 59].
The instruction in question finds no support in the case of People v. Levine, 85 Cal. 39, 43, [22 P. 969, 24 P. 631]. The opinion in that case does not declare that as a matter of law the results of experiments must be considered as neither material nor effective. Whatever was said by the court in that case concerning "material and effective evidence" was said by way of argument; and the only point decided upon the experimental phase of the case was that evidence of the result of experiments is not conclusive but must be considered in connection with the other evidence in the case.
The trial court also rightfully refused the requested instruction which was to the effect that if the evidence of the respective experiments made by the prosecution and defendant, made under similar circumstances, showed different results, then the result of each experiment should be totally disregarded by the jury. Such a situation in the evidence would amount to no more than a conflict of evidence which, like the ordinary conflict of evidence, should be left to the jury for decision.
The refusal of the trial court to give a requested instruction to the effect that evidence of oral admissions should be viewed and considered by the jury with caution was not error. As was stated in the very recent case of People v. Raber, 168 Cal. 316, [ 143 P. 317], "Such an instruction, if not in violation of the constitutional injunction against charging juries on matters of fact, is one that may be properly refused as a 'mere commonplace.' In short, a judgment will not be reversed either for the giving or refusing of this instruction."
Complaint is made of the refusal of the trial court to give several other requested instructions, but by comparison we have ascertained that in every instance the subject matter of each of the requested instructions now under discussion was covered substantially and correctly in the charge of the court.
The trial court, however, erred in refusing to give certain other instructions requested by the defendant, to the effect that the evidence of the result of the experiments made by the prosecution should be disregarded unless the jury found that those experiments were made under conditions and circumstances which were the same, or substantially the same, as those which existed at the time of the killing. As a matter of course, the question of whether or not the conditions and circumstances attending the making of the experiments in question were substantially similar to those attending the killing, was in the first instance a question of fact to be determined by the trial judge before ruling upon the admissibility of the evidence of the result of the experiments, but the trial court's determination of that question was not conclusive upon the jury. Undoubtedly such evidence was proffered and permitted upon the theory that it would assist the jury in arriving at a correct conclusion concerning the conduct and relative positions of the deceased and defendant at the time of the killing, and therefore the question as to whether or not the experiments relied upon were made under the same or substantially the same conditions and circumstances as those which existed at the time of the killing was one of fact which ultimately was for the jury to weigh and determine. While the instruction immediately under consideration may not have been entirely free from ambiguity, nevertheless in its essential features and as a whole it was sufficiently correct and certain to warrant and require its giving in the absence of anything upon the same subject in the charge of the court.
We are satisfied that under the particular and peculiar circumstances of the present case the trial court erred to the substantial prejudice of the defendant in refusing to charge the jury at the request of the defendant as follows: "You are instructed in this case that before you can convict the defendant you must be convinced from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty that a criminal homicide was in fact committed; and you must be so convinced by evidence other than or in addition to the statements or admissions of the defendant, and this evidence must be sufficient to establish that the death of the deceased was produced by the criminal act of some person and was not the result of accident. The production of the dead body does not alone establish the criminal homicide; and proof of the dead body alone found, with the statements of the defendant, would not be sufficient to convict, for there must be some evidence tending to show the commission of a homicide before the statement of the defendant would be admissible for any purpose; and hence if you believe in this case that the only evidence which shows that a crime was committed is the production of the dead body of the deceased, coupled with the admissions or statements of this defendant, then it is your duty to acquit this defendant."
While the foregoing proposed instruction may not have been perfect in its statement of the rule and principle of law that it was evidently intended to embody, nevertheless, in the absence of anything upon the same subject in the charge of the court, we think it was a sufficiently clear and correct statement of the familiar, well settled, and uniformly adhered to rule of law which imperatively declares and directs that a defendant charged with crime must not be convicted upon his extra-judicial confessions or admissions, unless such confessions or admissions be corroborated by proof aliunde of the corpus delicti. The proposed instruction was not faulty in any of the particulars pointed out in the case of People v. Frey, 165 Cal. 140, [ 131 P. 127], where it was held that a requested instruction upon the same subject was rightfully refused not only because the phraseology employed was calculated to mislead the jury, but also and principally for the reason that it did not contain a definition of the phrase corpus delicti. Succinctly stated, the phrase corpus delicti means the body of the offense, the essence of the crime, and proof of the corpus delicti involves two distinct but nevertheless interdependent factors, viz., the commission of a criminal act and the defendant's guilty participation in the perpetration thereof. While the proposed instruction in the present case did not in terms refer to the corpus delicti, nevertheless it did embody all of the essentials of a definition of that phrase, and stated substantially the requirements of the rule involved therein. This being so, no good reason appears why the court should not have given the proposed instruction, or have covered the subject matter thereof in its charge to the jury. We are not unmindful of the rule that where, in any given case, there is evidence apart from the extra-judicial confessions or admissions of the defendant, sufficient to fully establish the corpus delicti, the refusal to charge the jury upon that subject will not constitute reversible error. ( People v. Tomalty, 14 Cal.App. 224, [ 111 P. 513].) Although the evidence of the corpus delicti presented in the present case was, as previously pointed out, sufficient to warrant the reception in evidence of the extra-judicial statements of the defendant, and upon the whole may have been, standing alone, barely sufficient to have sustained the conviction of the defendant, nevertheless it was not, in our opinion, of a character so conclusive and convincing as to warrant us in saying that the failure of the trial court to give the requested instruction, or state in its charge to the jury the rule of law under discussion, did not operate to the substantial prejudice of the defendant. We cannot conceive that the jury in arriving at the conclusion implied from the verdict, that the corpus delicti had been established, did not resort to the evidence erroneously admitted, showing the result of experiments, which tended to discredit the defendant's statements that the killing was the result of an accident, and consequently it cannot be said that the extra-judicial statements of the defendant formed no part of the evidence upon which the jury determined that the corpus delicti had been established. It is evident, therefore, that the proposed instruction was not only of peculiar pertinency to the paramount issue in the case, but was clearly essential to a proper consideration of the evidence by the jury, and that being so, there is no escape from the conclusion that the refusal of the trial court to give such instruction, or to cover the subject matter in its own charge, was an error which, because it deprived the defendant of a substantial right and undoubtedly contributed to the verdict, was sufficient in itself to compel a reversal of the judgment and the granting of a new trial.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Richards, J., and Kerrigan, J., concurred.