Summary
In People v Wadkins, 101 Mich. App. 272; 300 N.W.2d 542 (1980), this Court reviewed the historical underpinnings of the statutory spousal privilege.
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Docket No. 43915.
Decided November 4, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Peter D. Houk, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles M. Sibert, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Reid, Reid, Mackay, Emery DeVine, P.C., for defendant on appeal.
The defendant, Jeffrey Lynn Wadkins, was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering a building in violation of MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Subsequently he pled guilty to a supplemental information charging him as a third offender under MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. He was sentenced to 5 to 20 years in prison. He appeals as of right.
On the morning of the day set for trial, after the jury had been called and the witnesses had been subpoenaed, the defendant's attorney requested an adjournment. He argued "that there are still other potential witnesses that I might or might not want to call". Defense counsel had been substituted five days prior to trial due to communication problems which had developed between the defendant and his previously appointed counsel. The trial judge denied the motion for an adjournment.
The trial judge based his decision on the timing of the request, its equivocal nature, and the power of the court (offered to the defendant) to subpoena any additional witnesses that he might wish to call. Denial of an adjournment is within the discretion of a trial judge. Absent an abuse of discretion, this Court will not overturn such a decision. GCR 1963, 503. People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich. 565; 194 N.W.2d 337 (1972), People v Parker, 76 Mich. App. 432; 257 N.W.2d 109 (1977). No abuse of discretion is evident in this case.
Testimony at trial indicated that sometime between 3 p.m. Saturday, September 16, 1978, and the following Monday morning, the Auto Salvage Company in Lansing, Michigan, was broken into and certain tools were stolen.
Richard Gearhart, a Lansing City Police Officer, testified that on September 17, 1978, at 6 p.m. he answered a silent alarm at the Auto Salvage Company. He stated that when he arrived, he observed an individual crawling from a window of a barn on the property. He further testified that although he ordered him to freeze, the person was able to get out of the window and run from him. Officer Gearhart testified that he ordered the person to "stop or I'll shoot" and when the person appeared to point a gun-like object at the officer, he fired one round, the person dropped to the ground, then got up and ran to a wooded area. Officer Gearhart testified that he heard a car door slam, and he approached the defendant's car, ordered him out, and arrested him. He stated that the defendant did not appear intoxicated.
The defendant's case was based on a defense of intoxication. Attempts to cross-examine two officers of the Lansing Police Department regarding statements made the next day by the defendant at the city jail regarding his drinking the prior day were properly excluded as self-serving hearsay not qualifying under any exception. See People v Perryman, 89 Mich. App. 516; 280 N.W.2d 579 (1979).
The officer who frisked the defendant after Officer Gearhart arrested him testified that he found no odor of alcohol on the defendant, nor did he observe other indications of intoxication.
Out of the presence of the jury, the defendant called Patrick Parker to the stand as his first witness. Mr. Parker was a charged accomplice in the case. He asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege not to testify. Since this privilege was properly asserted out of the presence of the jury, no reversible error occurred. People v Giacalone, 399 Mich. 642; 250 N.W.2d 492 (1977). The defendant then called, still out of the presence of the jury, Jane Parker, Patrick Parker's wife. The Court was informed that she "may assert a husband-wife privilege". Mrs. Parker testified on direct examination that the defendant was drunk about 2:30 in the afternoon on September 17. The last time she saw him, according to her testimony, was at approximately 3:30 p.m. and that he was drinking at that time.
When the prosecutor attempted to cross-examine her regarding the activities of her husband on the afternoon in question, her attorney (who also represented her husband) asserted the "spousal privilege" on her husband's behalf, and with her apparent consent. The following colloquy occurred:
"Q. [by Mr. Edwards, the prosecutor] Approximately three o'clock, isn't it true, that your husband was working on a Datsun?
"MR. DEITRICK [attorney for the Parkers]: Your Honor, at this time on behalf of her husband, Pat Parker, we would assert the husband-wife privilege with regard to any questions which might relate to what Mrs. Parker observed her husband doing that afternoon.
"MR. EDWARDS: Your Honor, I have told Mr. Deitrick and Mr. Oesterle before that I agreed that Mr. Parker has a marital privilege, and merely because he is not the Defendant in this matter does not prohibit him from exercising marital privilege. My objection goes to the fact that what, in effect, is occuring (sic) is that the Defense calling a witness who will answer questions for him, but then when we get into areas that I believe to be relevant and material to the case will refuse to answer those questions based upon the invocation of the marital privilege, thus denying me a right to cross-examine.
* * *
"MR. OESTERLE [attorney for defendant]: Your Honor, Miss Parker's testimony in this matter is clearly relevant, and it is clearly essential for the Defense in this matter. Mr. Edwards would have the right to cross-examine Miss Parker on anything relating to the intoxication until such time as the husband-wife privilege is invoked. Until we know how far that is going to go, I think her testimony can go in front of the Jury.
"THE COURT: Well, Mr. Oesterle, what if we take a situation, you know, if they were working on a car together, and the ability of Mr. — the Defendant — to work on the car with this other person, her observations of them working together, if they got in the car and left — and as an example, if the Defendant was driving, there is a tremendous amount of information here which certainly could be very germane to the condition of the Defendant which would be totally cut off by this type of approach.
"MR. EDWARDS: Your Honor, in the examination of the statute, it seems as though there is a right to invoke privilege, but it doesn't seem to say that you can pick and choose where it comes in. If you are going to invoke the privilege, you are going to invoke the privilege. If he invokes the privilege, it would appear as though the witness may not testify, and that he is invoking the privilege."
Further argument was heard by the court, and authorities were considered over a brief recess.
The court then ruled that Jane Parker would not be permitted to testify before the jury on any matters. No further record was made to determine the extent of the conflict between the areas into which the prosecution sought to inquire and the asserted privilege. The trial judge stated:
"The Court is of the opinion that the Prosecutor, as well as Defense, the Defendant, is entitled to proper and thorough cross-examination to the extent that the cross-examination is for all practical purposes made ineffectual by the lack of the opportunity to fully examine a witness. Either party is deprived of their right. Certainly a very crucial witness in any trial. In this case it can — the prosecutor has distinguished from certain other cases. The Court is of the opinion that if we take the approach that the person may testify and then the testimony is to be stricken, is virtually saying to the Jury you may hear all of the evidence. There is no way that they can strike it from their minds. So that the Court is of the opinion that the witness should not be permitted to testify at all if they are going to assert a privilege such as that which has been asserted in this particular matter."
Subsequently, the defendant introduced testimony before the jury to support his defense of intoxication. Vicki Bishop, a bartender at Elk's Lodge, testified that the defendant drank about a fifth of vodka in a gallon of Bloody Marys at a bartender's meeting on September 17, and that he was drunk.
Debra Parker, Patrick's sister and the defendant's girlfriend, testified that the defendant had been drunk the night of September 16, and was drunk on September 17 in the afternoon. During cross-examination, after laying a proper foundation, the prosecutor used a prior inconsistent statement made by Ms. Parker to him in an attempt to impeach her credibility. This was permissible cross-examination. MRE 613(a).
The defendant testified that he was an alcoholic or had a serious drinking problem, that he drank Bloody Marys at the bartender's meeting, and that the next thing that he remembered is Debra Parker waking him while he was sleeping in a car. He also testified that he did not intend to break and enter into the Auto Salvage Company, and that he did not intend to steal.
The Court has carefully examined the record in this case, the briefs filed and the supplemental briefs on appeal. The errors raised by the defendant do not merit reversal. We specifically find that the exclusion of the testimony of Jane Parker by the trial judge was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt because of the cumulative nature of her proffered testimony. The mere number of witnesses presented for a party on an issue is irrelevant in determining where the truth lies. People v Hagle, 67 Mich. App. 608, 617; 242 N.W.2d 27 (1976). It is clear that testimony by one additional witness on the subject of the defendant's intoxication between 2:30 and 3:30 p.m. on the date in question would not make the defense any more credible.
However, although we find exclusion of the testimony of the witness to be harmless error in this case, we note the need to follow certain procedures to insure that an adequate balance is made between the right of a defendant to present a witness on his behalf and the necessity, in the interest of justice, for a full and fair cross-examination of a witness to ascertain credibility. In the instant case, the trial judge did not establish facts on the record offered by both parties upon which to base a decision to exclude the testimony of Jane Parker in total.
As a preliminary comment, we note that both the trial judge and the parties made the assumption that the spousal privilege was properly invoked in this proceeding, although the witness's husband was not on trial. This issue has not been raised on appeal by the parties, and we do not address the validity of the assumption here. See Anno, 90 ALR2d 648, §§ 9-10, pp 663-668, Morrissey v People, 11 Mich. 327 (1863).
In Michigan, for well over a century, the spousal privilege has been controlled by statute. The statute today states in relevant part:
"A husband shall not be examined as a witness for or against his wife without her consent; nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, * * * nor shall either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of both, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage." MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162.
It should be noted that two common law privileges are incorporated into the Michigan statute. The "confidential communications privilege" applies, irrespective of the marital status of the parties at the time of the suit, to confidential communications made within the marital relationship. The "spousal privilege", germane to the instant case, applies to any testimony of a spouse without the consent of the other so long as the parties continue to be legally married at the time of suit. Neither the statute nor Michigan case law limits the scope of the spousal privilege to criminal prosecutions.
Although longstanding in the law, the spousal privilege has no constitutional foundation. Its underpinnings are historical, and upon close inspection, many girders are missing. Recently, the United States Supreme Court addressed the scope of the common law spousal privilege in the Federal courts. In Trammel v United States, 445 U.S. 40; 100 S.Ct. 906; 63 L Ed 2d 186 (1980), the Federal rule was significantly narrowed. The Court held that the privilege against adverse testimony vested in the testifying spouse alone. If a spouse chose to testify for or against her mate, the objection of her husband would not make such testimony incompetent. (Here, as throughout this discussion, gender of the parties should be considered interchangeable. For purposes of convenience, we will refer to the parties in their respective positions in this case.)
The specific language of the Michigan statute may preclude a similar result to that reached in Trammel since the statute appears to vest the right to consent specifically in the nontestifying spouse. However, such a construction is not compelled in the instant case, since the record, fairly read, does not give any indication that the witness desired to testify against the wishes of her husband.
The spousal privilege in Michigan, like the modern common law privilege, is narrow in its justification and ought to be correspondingly narrowly construed in its scope. Analysis of the historical bases which remain valid under modern rules of evidence and procedures provides a framework for application of the statutory privilege in cases such as the one at bar.
The modern justification for the spousal privilege is preservation of marital harmony. Historically its foundation was laid upon the incapacity of the defendant to testify on his own behalf, and the unity of the husband and wife as one person in marriage. See People v Zabijak, 285 Mich. 164, 175-176; 280 N.W. 149 (1938). Absolute disqualification was the norm at common law. However, both in Federal courts and in Michigan for many years the spouse of a defendant has been permitted to testify for her husband. Funk v United States, 290 U.S. 371; 54 S.Ct. 212; 78 L Ed 369 (1933). Necessity has incorporated numerous other exceptions to the general rule and into the statute as well.
The narrow justification for the spousal privilege must be measured against the right of a defendant to elicit testimony in his favor. The trial court proceeded correctly in considering the privilege out of the presence of the jury. See People v Giacalone, supra, 646, People v Trine, 164 Mich. 1; 129 N.W. 3 (1910). A record of the direct testimony offered on behalf of the defendant was elicited in order to ascertain the necessity for testimony by the witness.
However, when the "husband-wife privilege" was asserted upon cross-examination, the court did not examine the specific contested areas of questioning in order to ascertain the scope of the prosecution's need to inquire into "privileged" areas in order to test credibility. In the face of a bold statement by the prosecution that it needed to inquire into privileged areas to test credibility, and without requiring an offer of proof, the court proposed a hypothetical conflict situation and completely excluded the entire testimony of the witness. Fortunately, in the instant case the testimony was entirely cumulative, and reversal is not required. However, a careful and thorough analysis of the specific facts and areas of conflict ought to be done prior to any future blanket exclusion of a witness's testimony in a similar case.
Certain factors may be taken into consideration by the trial court in making an evaluation based upon the record. By means of an inquiry into the specific areas of conflict through offers of proof by both parties, to-wit: by direct examination, and by cross-examination by the prosecution through specific questions to which the witness responds by either asserting a privilege or answering without trespassing into a privileged area, a trial judge will have a sufficient basis on the record to make an evaluation of the need for the testimony in light of the asserted privilege. People v Davis, 91 Mich. App. 434; 283 N.W.2d 768 (1979). Such factors as the cumulative nature of the testimony, the interest of the witness such that there is the need to inquire into credibility, and the intertwined nature of the privileged areas in time, place and manner with the nonprivileged areas of testimony, are relevant factors for the trial court to consider. We do not mean to place the husband/wife statutory privilege on the same plane for purposes of analysis as the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Its historical justification is narrow, and it is without a similar constitutional foundation. This factor can also be taken into account by a trial judge when confronted by a situation such as that in the instant case.
Since the record of the direct testimony offered by the defendant here clearly indicates its cumulative nature, reversible error did not occur.
Affirmed.
M.J. KELLY, J., concurred.
I concur in the result reached by the majority; but I am writing a separate opinion because I believe this Court should address the applicability of the spousal privilege in this action. If this Court fails to address this issue we are, in effect, allowing the parties to change the law as it applies to the case by agreeing that a statute applies to the case when in fact it does not.
MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162 provides, in relevant part:
"A husband shall not be examined as a witness for or against his wife without her consent; nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, * * * nor shall either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of both, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage."
The latter aspect of the spousal privilege, relating to marital communications, is clearly inapplicable on these facts because Jane Parker would have testified as to the activities of her husband, not any communications from him. The former privilege prevents Jane Parker from testifying against her husband. Since Patrick Parker was not a defendant in this action (although he was a separately charged accomplice), Jane Parker would not be testifying against her husband. Her husband would be able to assert the spousal privilege if the prosecution attempted to use her testimony against him in the separate trial. See Riggs v Whitaker, 130 Mich. 327; 89 N.W. 954 (1902).
Thus, I would hold that the trial court erred in excluding Jane Parker's testimony because the spousal privilege is inapplicable to this case. However, I agree with the majority that the exclusion of her testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the proffered testimony was cumulative.