Summary
holding that a printed form signed by the defendant is "no substitute" for the requirement that the trial court personally inquire as to whether the defendant understood his rights and was entering the plea knowingly and voluntarily
Summary of this case from Houston v. StateOpinion
No. 74-573
Decided July 1, 1975. Rehearing denied July 22, 1975. Certiorari denied September 15, 1975
Subsequent to entry of nolo contendere plea to charge of grand theft, defendant appealed denial of his motion for post-conviction relief alleging arraignment was defective.
Reversed
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Adjudication — Judgment — Guilty Plea — Advisement of Rights — Printed Form. Compliance with the rule of Criminal Procedure relative to the advisement of rights upon the acceptance of guilty plea cannot be demonstrated solely by reliance upon a printed form that has been signed by the defendant.
2. Judgment — Guilty Plea — All Elements — Common Words — Explanation Required — Entry of Plea. All elements of a crime, even one using a commonly understood word such as "theft," must be explained to a defendant at some time prior to the entry of his plea of guilty to that charge.
Appeal from the District Court of Weld County, Honorable Donald A. Carpenter, Judge.
John D. MacFarlane, Attorney General, Edward G. Donovan, Solicitor General, J. Stephen Phillips, Assistant Attorney General, for plaintiff-appellee.
Davies Saint-Veltri, Joseph Saint-Veltri, Stuart Kritzer, for defendant-appellant.
The defendant, Oral Ray Van Hook III, was charged with the crime of grand theft, and on March 15, 1971, entered a plea of nolo contendere. He was placed on probation, but for reasons not relevant here, his probation was revoked, reinstated, and again revoked. Based upon the contention that his arraignment had not been conducted in compliance with Crim. P. 11, the defendant filed a motion for post-conviction relief under Crim. P. 35(b). Following a hearing, the court denied the motion and this appeal followed. Since we conclude that the arraignment was deficient, we reverse.
Crim. P. 11, both at the time of defendant's arraignment and now, itemizes certain requirements which must be followed by a court before it may accept a plea of guilty or one of nolo contendere. This rule has been the subject of frequent interpretations by the Supreme Court. That Court's most recent pronouncements are contained in People v. Kelly, 189 Colo. 31, 536 P.2d 39, and People v. Sandoval, 188 Colo. 431, 535 P.2d 1120. While both of these cases apparently arose under Crim. P. 32(e), they are relevant here since they discuss Crim. P. 11. In Sandoval, it is stated that:
"We have in a long line of cases reiterated the necessity for trial courts to adhere strictly to the requirements of Crim. P. 11 . . . . " (emphasis supplied)
The People contend that the arraignment proceedings in 1971 were proper. They concede that the court itself did not follow the requirements of Crim. P. 11. However, they assert that a printed advisement form, which had been signed by the defendant and was tendered to the court at the time of arraignment, cures the deficiencies. They do not urge, nor is there evidence, that defendant learned of the elements of Rule 11 from his attorney or other third parties. They do argue that all requirements of Rule 11 were satisfied by the said form and the comments of the judge, except that of the explanation of the elements of the crime, and that that deficiency should not vitiate the arraignment, because in a crime such as grand theft, the term "theft" is readily understood by all. We disagree with these contentions for three basic reasons.
First, our reading of the printed advisement form and our review of the record of the arraignment and hearing on the motion lead to the conclusion that the requirements of Crim. P. 11 were not complied with. Among other things, there is no evidence of any explanation of the rights which the form indicates had already been explained to the defendant. There was no evidence, or finding by the court, that the plea entered was voluntary and not the product of undue influence. Nor was there any showing that defendant had been told and understood that the court would not be bound by representations made by anyone relative to the penalty to be imposed.
[1] Secondly, we hold that under the law of Sandoval and Kelly, supra, and precursors thereto, compliance with Crim. P. 11 cannot be demonstrated solely by reliance upon a printed form. See People v. Sanders, 185 Colo. 356, 524 P.2d 299. In Kelly, it is stated that:
"Before a trial court accepts a plea of guilty or a nolo contendere plea, it must ascertain that the defendant has been advised of his rights as an accused person; that he is waiving those rights; that he understands the nature and elements of the charge involved; that he understands the possible penalty or penalties which may be imposed; and that his plea is voluntary and not the result of undue influence or coercion on the part of anyone." (emphasis supplied)
A printed form signed by a defendant is no substitute for the trial court's determination that the requirements of the rule have been met. For example, if a defendant does not understand the nature of the crime charged, that fact is more apt to be discovered through discussion with the court than through the procurement of defendant's signature on a prosecutor's form. See People v. Murdock, 187 Colo. 418, 532 P.2d 43.
[2] Finally, we hold that all elements of a crime, even one using a commonly understood word such as "theft," must be explained to a defendant at some time prior to the entry of his plea. To state the People's contrary argument is to refute it. We cannot draw distinctions between crimes based upon whether or not we feel the statutory language describing it uses words that would be "understood by everyone." See People v. Sanders, supra; see also Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for rearraignment and for other proceedings not inconsistent herewith.
JUDGE PIERCE and JUDGE VAN CISE concur.