Opinion
2012-07-6
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Vincent TORRES, Defendant–Appellant. (Appeal No. 1.)
J. Scott Porter, Seneca Falls, for Defendant–Appellant. William J. Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, Syracuse (Victoria M. White of Counsel), for Respondent.
J. Scott Porter, Seneca Falls, for Defendant–Appellant. William J. Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, Syracuse (Victoria M. White of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., CENTRA, FAHEY, PERADOTTO, AND LINDLEY, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
In appeal No. 1, defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, burglary in the second degree (Penal Law § 140.25[2] ), sexual abuse in the first degree (§ 130.65[1] ), and two counts of sodomy in the first degree (former § 130.50 [1] ). In appeal No. 2, defendant appeals from a resentence with respect to the conviction of burglary in the second degree.
With respect to appeal No. 1, we agree with defendant that reversal is required based on County Court's error in closing the courtroom. We note at the outset that, although we agree with the People that a defendant is required to preserve that contention for our review ( see People v. Borukhova, 89 A.D.3d 194, 225, 931 N.Y.S.2d 349,lv. denied18 N.Y.3d 881, 939 N.Y.S.2d 751, 963 N.E.2d 128,rearg. denied18 N.Y.3d 955, 944 N.Y.S.2d 484, 967 N.E.2d 709;People v. Varela, 22 A.D.3d 264, 264–265, 804 N.Y.S.2d 16,lv. denied6 N.Y.3d 781, 811 N.Y.S.2d 349, 844 N.E.2d 804), we disagree with the People that defendant failed to make the appropriate objection. Although defendant's objectionwas made off the record, the parties and the court agreed during argument on defendant's post-trial motion to set aside the verdict that defendant had indeed objected to the court's procedure. It is well settled that a post-trial motion pursuant to CPL 330.30 cannot preserve a contention for review that is raised for the first time in the motion ( see People v. McFadden, 94 A.D.3d 1150, 1150, 942 N.Y.S.2d 811;People v. Jones, 85 A.D.3d 1667, 1668, 925 N.Y.S.2d 772), but as noted that is not what occurred here inasmuch as defendant made an objection before jury selection. The objection merely was not placed on the record at that time. Here, the record establishes that “the trial judge was made aware, before he ruled on the issue, that the defense wanted him to rule otherwise, [and thus] preservation was adequate” ( People v. Caban, 14 N.Y.3d 369, 373, 901 N.Y.S.2d 566, 927 N.E.2d 1050).
We agree with defendant that the court erred in closing the courtroom to defendant's wife at the start of jury selection on the ground that there “wasn't any room” in the courtroom for her ( see People v. Martin, 16 N.Y.3d 607, 611–612, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491). As the Court of Appeals held in Martin, “[a] violation of the right to an open trial is not subject to harmless error analysis and a per se rule of reversal irrespective of prejudice is the only realistic means to implement this important constitutional guarantee” ( id. at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). We reject the contention of the People that the closure of the courtroom was so trivial that it did not violate defendant's right to a public trial ( see id.). Even assuming, arguendo, that there is a “triviality” exception to the per se rule of reversal set forth in Martin ( see Gibbons v. Savage, 555 F.3d 112, 119–121,cert. denied––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 61, 175 L.Ed.2d 233), we conclude that neither the duration of the courtroom closure in this case nor the substance of the proceedings taking place during the closure may be characterized as “trivial” ( cf. id. at 121).
Both defense counsel and defendant's wife submitted affidavits in which they averred that the wife was excluded from proceedings on the first morning of jury selection. According to the wife, she was excluded from the courtroom for approximately 1 1/2 to 2 hours. During that period of time, the court read its preliminary instructions to the prospective jurors and asked the first panel of 21 prospective jurors to approach the podium individually to respond to four questions: (1) whether the prospective juror heard or read anything about the case; (2) whether the prospective juror or a close friend or relative had been the victim of a crime; (3) whether the prospective juror or a close friend or relative had been arrested or charged with a crime; and (4) whether the prospective juror could be fair and whether there was a compelling reason why he or she could not serve on the jury. Two prospective jurors were excused upon consent of the prosecutor and defense counsel.
The court then asked the remaining members of the panel whether they knew the prosecutor, the defense attorney, or defendant, whether they had any friends or relatives who were lawyers or worked in law enforcement, and whether they had previously served on a jury. After the prosecutor and defense counsel questioned the prospective jurors, the court held a sidebar with the attorneys to hear challenges to the panel members. The prosecutor exercised nine peremptory challenges, defense counsel exercised seven peremptory challenges, and five prospective jurors were seated and sworn. Thus here, as in Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491, it cannot be said that “nothing of significance happened” while defendant's wife was excluded from the courtroom ( Gibbons, 555 F.3d at 121).
We reject the contention of the People that the courtroom was only closed to defendant's wife until the first prospective juror was excused. The People rely on the fact that, at the start of jury selection, the court advised defense counsel that, “as soon as we start excusing [prospective jurors], there [would] be room” in the courtroom for defendant's wife. It is well settled that a courtroom is closed only by an affirmative act of the court ( see People v. Peterson, 81 N.Y.2d 824, 825, 595 N.Y.S.2d 383, 611 N.E.2d 284;see also Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491). Here, defendant's wife averred that the court “addressed [her] directly and told [her] that [she] would need to wait outside the courtroom, but that a court attendant would come get [her] as soon as some [prospective] jurors were excused.” While the wife was waiting in the hallway, she observed several prospective jurors leave the courtroom at one point, but “no one came to tell [her] that [she] should come in and [she] did not believe [she] should enter without being told to do so.” Approximately 1 1/2 to 2 hours later, a court officer finally came out into the hallway and told the wife that she could enter the courtroom. Under the circumstances of this case, in which the court specifically excluded the wife from the courtroom and it is undisputed that she did not reenter the courtroom before the court officer retrieved her, we conclude that the burden was on the court, not the excluded individual or the parties, to reopen the courtroom. Thus, the courtroom was closed to defendant's wife until such time as the court officer told her she had permission to reenter.
Contrary to defendant's further contention, we conclude that his statutory right to a speedy trial was not violated. Even assuming, arguendo, that the People's announcement of readiness for trial after defendant was arraigned on the initial indictment was “illusory and invalid” ( People v. Weaver, 34 A.D.3d 1047, 1049, 824 N.Y.S.2d 470,lv. denied8 N.Y.3d 928, 834 N.Y.S.2d 518, 866 N.E.2d 464), we conclude that there was a period in excess of seven days that was excludable based on defendant's pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment ( seeCPL 30.30[4][a]; People v. Flowers, 240 A.D.2d 894, 895, 658 N.Y.S.2d 742,lv. denied90 N.Y.2d 1011, 666 N.Y.S.2d 106, 688 N.E.2d 1389). With the exclusion of that time period, we conclude that the People's announcement of readiness for trial after the filing of the superseding indictment was timely ( see generally People v. Sinistaj, 67 N.Y.2d 236, 237, 501 N.Y.S.2d 793, 492 N.E.2d 1209). In light of our determination that reversal is required based upon the denial of defendant's right to a public trial, we need not address defendant's remaining contentions in appeal No. 1 or appeal No. 2.
It is hereby ORDERED that said appeal from the judgment insofar as it imposed sentence on the conviction of burglary in the second degree is dismissed, the judgment is reversed on the law and a new trial is granted on counts two through five and seven of the superseding indictment. All concur except SCUDDER, P.J., and CENTRA, J., who dissent and vote to affirm in the following Memorandum:
We respectfully dissent. Like the majority, we would dismiss the appeal from the judgment in appeal No. 1 insofar as it imposed sentence on the conviction of burglary in the second degree, but we otherwise would affirm the judgment in appeal No. 1 and the resentence in appeal No. 2. With respect to appeal No. 1, we disagree with the majority that reversal is required based on County Court's error in closing the courtroom. We agree with the majority that defendant preserved his contention for our review and that the court erred in closing the courtroom to defendant's wife at the start of jury selection on the ground that there “wasn't any room at all” in the courtroom for her ( see People v. Martin, 16 N.Y.3d 607, 611–612, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491). Although we recognize that harmless error analysis is not appropriate based on the erroneous closing of a courtroom ( see id. at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491), we agree with the People that the closing of the courtroom in this case “was so inconsequential that it [was] trivial” ( id.), such that the court “did not violate defendant's right to a public trial” ( People v. Peterson, 81 N.Y.2d 824, 825, 595 N.Y.S.2d 383, 611 N.E.2d 284).
At the start of jury selection, the court indicated to defendant that his wife could be present in the courtroom as soon as a prospective juror was excused. Jury selection then began with the court's introductory remarks and precharge. As noted by the majority, the court asked the prospective jurors to approach the podium one by one to give their responses to the following four questions: (1) whether they heard or read anything about the case; (2) whether they or a close friend or family member had been the victim of a crime; (3) whether they or a close friend or family member had been arrested or charged with a crime; and (4) whether they could be fair to both sides, and if there was a compelling reason they could not serve on the jury. It does not appear that these brief conferences could be heard by anyone in the courtroom other than the parties and the court. During those conferences, two prospective jurors were excused upon consent of both parties. At that point, according to the court's explicit instructions, defendant's wife could have come into the courtroom; the courtroom was no longer “closed.” Thus, unlike in Martin, there was no “extensive questioning of prospective jurors” while the courtroom was closed ( Martin, 16 N.Y.3d at 613, 925 N.Y.S.2d 400, 949 N.E.2d 491).
We disagree with the majority that the courtroom remained closed until a court officer told defendant's wife that she could reenter the courtroom. First, we note that there was no discussion held on the record between the court and defendant's wife. As noted earlier, the only remark by the court at the beginning of jury selection was that, “as soon as we start excusing people, there is going to be room,” to which defense counsel responded, “All right.” In support of his motion to set aside the verdict, defendant submitted an affidavit of his wife setting forth her recollection of a conversation with the court and the circumstances that occurred thereafter. During oral argument of the motion, the court reiterated its recollection that it told defense counsel that defendant's wife could come back in the courtroom as soon as a juror was excused, and the prosecutor noted that no one knew at what point defendant's wife actually returned to the courtroom.
In any event, we disagree with the majority that, under the circumstances of this case, the burden was on the court to reopen the courtroom. In our view, once the two prospective jurors were excused after the conferences at the podium, defendant should have either requested a brief recess to allow his wife to reenter the courtroom, or objected to the continued closing of the courtroom. Defendant did neither, and we therefore conclude that reversal based on the closed courtroom is not required. We note, however, that we agree with the majority that defendant's statutory speedy trial rights were not violated, and thus that reversal on that ground also is not required.