Summary
In People v. Sugarman (248 N.Y. 255) exhibits forming part of the original depositions had become lost; and the defendant was held entitled to have the depositions suppressed.
Summary of this case from Matter of MezgerOpinion
Argued May 7, 1928
Decided May 29, 1928
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.
John J. Curtin and Wesley S. Sawyer for appellant.
Joab H. Banton, District Attorney ( Robert Daru of counsel), for respondent.
The indictment charges defendant with forgery, second degree, in two counts, i.e., one, that defendant, having in his possession a check for $25,000, dated June 26, 1919, made by S. Barkin payable to the order of George P. Smith, forged the indorsement of the name of the payee on the back thereof, and another, that he uttered the same.
Smith, whose signature defendant is charged with having forged, was a young man, somewhat under thirty years of age at the time of the transaction complained of. He had had business transactions with defendant, who was a lawyer. He had indorsed and made notes for defendant who claimed to be engaged in an enterprise with Smith, in connection with the purchase of war material from the United States government. Defendant asked him for $25,000.
Smith was entitled to receive $300,000 from the estate of his grandfather, under the terms of his will, on arriving at the age of thirty years. The trustees had power to advance money for his education and maintenance. They had made substantial advancements to him. He had made assignments of the fund as security for loans. Defendant testified that Smith was willing to raise $25,000 for the Washington enterprise and agreed to assign his interest in his grandfather's estate as security; that the assignment was drawn up and signed by Smith; six notes were signed by Smith representing the loan in question and the money was obtained from Samuel Barkin, a money lender, who gave the check therefor payable to the order of Smith. Smith denied that he signed the assignment, or the notes, or that he indorsed the check. The money was deposited in Sugarman's bank account by his brother and associate, Joseph H. Sugerman, and was drawn out by checks signed in defendant's name by Joseph. The interest and stamps amounted to $433. Smith admitted that he gave defendant his check for this amount but says that he gave it to him for cash and that he was induced to add the words "interest and stamps" to carry out some purpose of defendant unconnected with the forgery here charged.
The People make no claim that defendant personally forged the disputed indorsement or uttered the check. The evidence tends to establish that Joseph H. Sugarman did so, being thereto aided and abetted by defendant. The defense is that the indorsement is the genuine signature of George P. Smith, arising out of a legitimate business transaction. A question of fact was thus presented for the jury. It cannot be said that there was no evidence of defendant's guilt. The verdict is conclusive unless material error appears reviewably on the record.
I think that material error does appear. The court made an order on March 21, 1924, that the case be peremptorily set down for trial on March 24, 1924, if the defendant did not file a consent that Smith, the complaining witness, be examined conditionally on behalf of the People and waive his right to confrontation by the witness on the trial. The consent was filed to obtain an adjournment of the trial and the deposition of Joseph H. Sugarman as a witness for the defense. The latter deposition was not obtained and Joseph was not a witness on the trial. The condition was a proper one which defendant complied with to obtain a favor. He merely waived the right to be confronted by one of the People's witnesses. The right of confrontation is a privilege extended to the accused which he may waive. ( Diaz v. U.S., 223 U.S. 442.)
The deposition of Smith was taken by the People before one of the judges of the Court of General Sessions a year or more before the trial. Smith left the State and did not return. The deposition consisted of 274 pages of stenographer's minutes. On the taking of the deposition the People offered sixteen written exhibits and the defendant offered five written exhibits. They included the check described in the indictment, written indorsement thereon; the assignment of Smith's interest in his grandfather's estate; six promissory notes signed in the name of Smith representing a loan of $25,000; a letter signed in the name of Smith to Barkin, directing him to deliver to defendant a check for the proceeds of the loan of $25,000; a concededly genuine check for the $433, "for interest and stamps" above mentioned; and five exhibits offered by defendant containing the genuine signature of George P. Smith, offered for the purpose of comparison of handwriting. The exhibits were not attached to and made a part of the deposition but were filed separately with the clerk of the Court of General Sessions. On the trial of the case it appeared that they had been lost and could not be introduced as a part of Smith's deposition. Photostatic copies had been made by the district attorney of some of the exhibits including the check and the indorsement, but not of all of them. The People's evidence tended to show the forgery of the several writings, made for the purpose of indicating that the check in question was part of a legitimate business transaction. Smith testified, in giving his deposition, that none of the People's exhibits were signed by him except the check for $433. The deposition was used on the trial after a motion to suppress by reason of the loss of the exhibits had been made and denied and over defendant's objection.
This, I think, was reversible error. The loss of the exhibits destroys the completeness of the deposition. The original written exhibits which were before the witness had disappeared. Their place was taken in part by photostatic copies which were not before the witness when the deposition was taken. Secondary evidence of originals, even of a forged instrument, might in ordinary course be produced on the trial of a defendant for the forgery on establishing the loss of the primary evidence. ( People v. Kingsley, 2 Cow. 522, 525; State v. Tilden, 242 Ill. 536; 31 L.R.A. [N.S.] 215.) That is not the point. While a witness may by consent of the defendant be conditionally examined on behalf of the People in the manner and with the effect provided by title 12, chapter 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for taking examination of witnesses conditionally on behalf of the defendant (Code Crim. Pro. § 219), the fundamental right of the defendant to be confronted by the witnesses against him (Civil Rights Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 6], § 12; People v. Bromwich, 200 N.Y. 385) is not waived except by strict compliance with the law. The witness Smith did not have the photostatic copies of the documents before him and did not testify in regard thereto when his deposition was taken. The deposition may not be pieced out by extrinsic evidence of the correctness of photostatic copies which were not before the witness and were no part of the deposition.
Secondary evidence of the exhibits in connection with the deposition was improperly received. The Code expressly limits secondary evidence of depositions to a certified copy thereof. (Code Crim. Pro. § 631.)
It is said that in civil cases there is no difference between lost depositions and any other written testimony if a proper foundation is laid for their admission. ( Williams v. Richardson, 66 Fla. 234; 1916D Ann. Cas. note, p. 253.) "The rules of evidence in civil cases are applicable also to criminal cases, except as otherwise provided in this Code." (Code Crim. Pro. § 392.) But in criminal cases depositions are an innovation on the common law. It is for the People to produce either the witness or his deposition or a certified copy thereof. (§ 631, supra.) When the right to be confronted by the People's witnesses is waived, the waiver goes no further than the law prescribes.
On the trial objections were made to the introduction in evidence of the copies. They need not be considered. Assuming the propriety of admitting the deposition in connection with the photostatic copies, it does not appear that any substantial error was committed in the proof. The correctness of the copies was admitted on the trial. They were not used as standards of comparison by the witnesses. But the exception taken to the motion to suppress the deposition by reason of the loss of the exhibits was not waived. It was impossible to read the whole deposition on the trial. To suffer to go to the jury any evidence given by a witness on direct examination by the People where, without the fault of the defendant, the whole evidence cannot be submitted to it is error. ( People v. Cole, 43 N.Y. 508.) The question is one of supreme importance. The loss of original exhibits, even after the trial, may, if the evidence is of a substantial nature, require the court on appeal to grant a new trial. ( People v. Strollo, 191 N.Y. 42.) As the substituted copies of the original exhibits could not be received in connection with the deposition as the equivalent of the exhibits which were before the witness, the motion to suppress should have been granted.
The judgment of the Appellate Division and that of the Court of General Sessions should be reversed and a new trial ordered.
CRANE, ANDREWS and O'BRIEN, JJ., concur; CARDOZO, Ch. J., dissents; LEHMAN and KELLOGG, JJ., not sitting.
Judgments reversed, etc.