Summary
In People v Robert Stephens, 416 Mich. 252, 260-261; 330 N.W.2d 675 (1982), this Court overruled Chamblis in part on grounds unrelated to the present case.
Summary of this case from People v. BearssOpinion
Docket No. 65691.
Argued May 12, 1982 (Calendar No. 1).
Decided December 23, 1982. Opinion released January 13, 1983.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Robert E. Weiss, Prosecuting Attorney, Donald A. Kuebler, Chief, Appellate Division, and Edwin R. Brown, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Michael E. Thomas, P.C., for the defendant.
In this case we are called upon to reconsider the so-called "misdemeanor cutoff" rule of People v Chamblis, 395 Mich. 408, 429; 236 N.W.2d 473 (1975). After careful consideration, we conclude that the policies behind the Chamblis rule would be better served by a more flexible approach to lesser included offense instructions on misdemeanors. Whenever an adequate request for an appropriate misdemeanor instruction is supported by a rational view of the evidence adduced at trial, the trial judge shall give the requested instruction unless to do so would result in a violation of due process, undue confusion, or some other injustice. While the Chamblis rule may be applied to jury instructions given within 30 days after the release of this opinion, adherence to the standards set forth in this opinion shall be required thereafter.
"We are establishing a rule today, as a matter of policy, limiting the extent of compromise allowable to a jury in deciding whether to convict of a lesser included offense. In any case wherein the charged offense is punishable by incarceration for more than two years, the court, whether or not requested, may not instruct on lesser included offenses for which the maximum allowable incarceration period is one year or less."
The new rules may be applied to any instructions given on or after the release date of this opinion.
I
The defendant, Robert Lee Stephens, was charged with the felony of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony or larceny. The evidence presented to the jury established that on the afternoon of April 27, 1978, the apparently intoxicated defendant was observed repeatedly falling into the path of traffic on Fenton Road, a busy thoroughfare located in Flint, Michigan. The police were called in order to protect the safety of the defendant. Before the police arrived, the defendant kicked in the glass door of his family doctor's office, which was closed, and crawled through the opening. The defendant was apprehended by the police while still in the building. He was found in possession of a pad of the doctor's prescription blanks and $56 crumpled into his pocket, the exact amount of money which the doctor later testified was missing from his cash box. When questioned by the police the next day, the defendant stated that he went to the doctor's office to obtain money, but didn't remember too much because of his consumption of "downers" and alcohol. The defendant did not dispute the allegation of breaking and entering into the doctor's office. Indeed, those facts were admitted during closing argument by defense counsel. The defense theory was that the defendant lacked the requisite intent to commit larceny. The evidence of intoxication was used to bolster the argument that Mr. Stephens lacked the intent to commit larceny.
MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, provides in relevant part:
"Any person who shall break and enter with intent to commit any felony, or any larceny therein, any tent, hotel, office, store, shop, warehouse, barn, granary, factory or other building, structure, boat or ship, railroad car or any private apartment in any of such buildings or any unoccupied dwelling house, shall be guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 10 years."
" [Defense Counsel]: We don't deny that there was a window broken. We don't deny that Mr. Stephens was in that office, but we do say that he had no intention to commit a larceny when he went in there."
At the close of the proofs, defense counsel requested a lesser included offense instruction on the misdemeanor of entering without permission. Although expressing dissatisfaction with the "misdemeanor cutoff rule", the trial judge felt compelled by our Chamblis opinion to deny the request. The jury was instructed that it must choose one of two possible verdicts: guilty as charged, or not guilty. The defendant was found guilty, and his motion for a new trial was denied. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion. While feeling constrained to follow Chamblis, the Court of Appeals also urged reconsideration of that policy rule. We accepted that invitation by granting leave to appeal. 411 Mich. 974 (1981).
MCL 750.115; MSA 28.310:
"Any person who shall break and enter, or shall enter without breaking, any dwelling, house, tent, hotel, office, store, shop, warehouse, barn, granary, factory or other building, boat, ship, railroad car or structure used or kept for public or private use, or any private apartment therein, or any cottage, clubhouse, boat house, hunting or fishing lodge, garage or the out-buildings belonging thereto, or any other structure, whether occupied or unoccupied, without first obtaining permission to enter from the owner or occupant, agent, or person having immediate control thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor: Provided, That this section shall not apply to entering without breaking, any place which at the time of such entry was open to the public, unless such entry has been expressly denied.
"This section shall not apply in cases where the breaking and entering or entering without breaking were committed by a peace officer or some one under his direction in the lawful performance of his duties as such peace officer."
II
In Chamblis, the Court advanced several theoretical reasons in support of a misdemeanor cutoff rule: to prevent harassment of the defendant, to serve the cause of justice by limiting compromise, and to avoid confusing the jury with too long a list of instructions. The policy against prosecutorial harassment is never implicated where, as in this case, the defendant requests the lesser included misdemeanor instruction. Nor is the situation so fraught with potential for prosecutorial abuse that a prophylactic rule is required. Of course, in those instances where it appears on the record that the prosecutor has abused his discretion in requesting instructions on lesser included misdemeanors, the trial judge may properly refuse the instructions. Cf. Genesee Prosecutor v Genesee Circuit Judge, 391 Mich. 115, 121; 215 N.W.2d 145 (1974).
"`Does not the policy against harassment and a continual siege of accusations and charges seem to have some application?' Comment, 57 Nw U L Rev 62, 73 (1962). We answer in the affirmative." Chamblis, p 428.
"We are convinced that the cause of justice is not well served by convicting of assault and battery a defendant charged with murder. As a matter of policy people who commit serious crimes should be punished for those offenses, and those who did not commit such serious crimes should not be tried for those crimes only to be found guilty of a much lower offense.
* * *
"At some point, both the defendant and the prosecution should be able to prevent any further potential for `compromise'." Chamblis, p 428.
Justice COLEMAN'S concurring opinion, p 431, noted that without the rule, jurors would be exposed to a
"foreseeably lengthened `laundry list' of offenses and jurors * * * would be required to absorb possible dozens of pages of instructions regarding the many offenses possible under the `cognate', `related' or `allied' offense theory of [People v] Ora Jones [ 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975)]."
While any lesser included offense instruction creates the possibility of a compromise verdict, this only serves to caution against the indiscriminate use of such instructions and does not justify an arbitrary limitation according to the maximum term of confinement. The Chamblis rule went far beyond precluding a misdemeanor assault and battery instruction in a first-degree murder case. It precluded an instruction on a lesser included misdemeanor offense, even if the value of the property involved was the only element separating the misdemeanor from the felony, and even if the value of the property was actually in dispute. See People v Miller, 406 Mich. 244; 277 N.W.2d 630 (1979), where the Chamblis rule was modified to allow such a misdemeanor instruction.
The decisions of this Court in People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975); People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976); and People v Kamin, 405 Mich. 482, 500; 275 N.W.2d 777 (1979), require certain lesser included felony instructions even if such instructions are not supportable by any rational view of the evidence, confuse the jury, and invite juror compromise on issues such as identity that should not be compromised. However, this case is not an appropriate vehicle to reconsider those decisions.
We fail to see how a dispute over the value of property can be distinguished from a dispute over the defendant's assaultive intent, see People v Joeseype Johnson, 407 Mich. 196, 274; 284 N.W.2d 718 (1979) (opinion by LEVIN, J.), or a defendant's intent with regard to marijuana, see People v Potter, 115 Mich. App. 125; 320 N.W.2d 313 (1982); People v Vasher, 97 Mich. App. 372; 296 N.W.2d 30 (1980); or the defendant's level of intoxication, see People v Harold Johnson, 96 Mich. App. 652; 293 N.W.2d 664 (1980); People v Pipkin, 93 Mich. App. 817; 287 N.W.2d 352 (1979). Instead of continuing to erode the Chamblis rule on a crime-by-crime basis, we are of the view that the rule should be abrogated.
From the defendant's point of view, a misdemeanor lesser included offense instruction may serve the cause of justice by preventing a felony conviction unsupported by the jury's belief of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. From the prosecutor's point of view, a defendant should not be granted immunity from prosecution for misdemeanors simply because the defendant's conduct might also be characterized as a more serious felony. The fact that the prosecutor may have overestimated the strength of his or her case does not justify an acquittal for any misdemeanors that may have been committed as well. The requirement that there be a "realistic relationship" between the offense charged and the offense returned by the jury would require prescience on the part of the prosecutor.
"Moreover, it is no answer to petitioner's demand for a jury instruction on a lesser offense to argue that a defendant may be better off without such an instruction. True, if the prosecution has not established beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the offense charged, and if no lesser offense instruction is offered, the jury must, as a theoretical matter, return a verdict of acquittal. But a defendant is entitled to a lesser offense instruction — in this context or any other — precisely because he should not be exposed to the substantial risk that the jury's practice will diverge from theory. Where one of the elements of the offense charged remains in doubt, but the defendant is plainly guilty of some offense, the jury is likely to resolve its doubts in favor of conviction." Keeble v United States, 412 U.S. 205, 212-213; 93 S Ct 1993; 36 L Ed 2d 844 (1973).
The goal of avoiding confusing the jury with too long a list of instructions is an important one. However, we are satisfied that the limitations imposed on misdemeanor instructions in this opinion will suffice to limit the number of such lesser included offense instructions. In addition, we would note that less confusion should result from a number of lesser included offenses all rationally supportable by the evidence than from an equal number of lesser included offenses not supportable by any rational view of the evidence. See People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976); People v Kamin, 405 Mich. 482, 500; 275 N.W.2d 777 (1979).
Our abandonment of the rigid misdemeanor cutoff rule was presaged by our unanimous opinion in People v Cazal, 412 Mich. 680; 316 N.W.2d 705 (1982). In Cazal, we refused to apply the Chamblis rule to bench trials, holding that a judge sitting as a trier of fact was well-equipped to avoid confusion and improper compromise verdicts. Implicit in that decision was the view that if the possibility of confusion and improper compromise could be reduced in jury trials, the rationale for the Chamblis rule would disappear. We believe that the following standard will provide, in practice, the advantages that the theoretical Chamblis approach failed to provide during its seven-year trial, and we, therefore, overrule that part of Chamblis setting forth the "misdemeanor cutoff" rule.
III
The lesser included offense rule for misdemeanors we adopt in this case is derived from the federal rule established in United States v Whitaker, 144 US App DC 344; 447 F.2d 314 (1971). The Whitaker case is remarkably similar to this case in that an apparently intoxicated defendant battered down the door of a dwelling house and entered. Once inside, defendant Whitaker did not take or disturb anything. The occupants detained the defendant until the police arrived and arrested him. The defendant was charged with first-degree burglary, for which a conviction could be obtained upon proof of an unlawful entry with intent to commit a crime. The principal issue raised by defense counsel was the lack of intent to commit a crime; the defendant testified at trial that he was looking for his friend Williams. The trial court rejected the defense request for an instruction on the lesser included offense of unlawful entry, and the jury returned with a verdict of guilty as charged.
The first condition for a lesser included offense instruction is a proper request. This requirement is not novel or extraordinary; except for cases involving first-degree murder, see People v Jenkins, 395 Mich. 440; 236 N.W.2d 503 (1975), the trial judge may, but need not, sua sponte instruct on lesser included offenses. People v Henry, 395 Mich. 367; 236 N.W.2d 489 (1975); People v Johnson, 409 Mich. 552, 562; 297 N.W.2d 115 (1980). However, the prosecutor or defense counsel must adequately apprise the trial judge of exactly what lesser included offenses are being requested; a general request for "the lesser included offense" will not suffice. People v Herbert Smith, 396 Mich. 362; 240 N.W.2d 245 (1976).
The second condition is that there must be an appropriate relationship between the charged offense and the requested misdemeanor. As the Whitaker court put it,
"there must also be an `inherent' relationship between the greater and lesser offense, i.e., they must relate to the protection of the same interests, and must be so related that in the general nature of these crimes, though not necessarily invariably, proof of the lesser offense is necessarily presented as part of the showing of the commission of the greater offense." 144 US App DC 349.
This requirement is also familiar to our jurisprudence. In People v McDonald, 9 Mich. 150, 153 (1861), the Court found the offense of assault, or assault and battery, "included" within an indictment charging felonious assault. In People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379, 390; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975), the Court referred to "the common purpose of the statutes", which protected the same "societal interest". See also United States v Johnson, 637 F.2d 1224, 1234 (CA 9, 1980); United States v Stolarz, 550 F.2d 488 (CA 9, 1977), cert den 434 U.S. 851; 98 S Ct 162; 54 L Ed 2d 119 (1977), adopting the "inherent relationship" test. This test is required to prevent misuse of lesser included offense instructions by the defense. Whitaker, p 349.
The third condition is that the requested misdemeanor must be supported by a rational view of the evidence adduced at trial. This means that not only must there be some evidence which would justify conviction of the lesser offense, but that "proof on the element or elements differentiating the two crimes must be sufficiently in dispute so that the jury may consistently find the defendant innocent of the greater and guilty of the lesser included offense." Whitaker, p 347. (Footnote omitted.)
In refusing to extend the rule of Ora Jones, supra, and People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976), reh den 396 Mich. 976 (1976), to lesser included misdemeanors, we are in accord with both Michigan and federal precedent. In Michigan, the duty to instruct on lesser included offenses has long been held to depend upon the evidence. People v Phillips, 385 Mich. 30; 187 N.W.2d 211 (1971); People v Patskan, 387 Mich. 701; 199 N.W.2d 458 (1972); People v DeMeaux, 194 Mich. 18; 160 N.W. 634 (1916); People v Beverly, 108 Mich. 509; 66 N.W. 379 (1896). Similarly, the federal decisions hold that
"a lesser offense charge is not proper where, on the evidence presented, the factual issues to be resolved by the jury are the same as to both the lesser and greater offenses. Berra v United States [ 351 U.S. 131; 76 S Ct 685; 100 L Ed 1013 (1956)]; Sparf v United States, 156 U.S. 51, 63-64; 15 S Ct 273; 39 L Ed 343 (1895). In other words, the lesser offense must be included within but not, on the facts of the case, be completely encompassed by the greater. A lesser-included offense instruction is only proper where the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element which is not required for conviction of the lesser-included offense. Berra v United States, supra; Sparf v United States, supra, pp 63, 64." Sansone v United States, 380 U.S. 343, 349-350; 85 S Ct 1004; 13 L Ed 2d 882 (1965).
In the recent case of Hopper v Evans, 456 U.S. 605; 102 S Ct 2049; 72 L Ed 2d 367 (1982), the Court held that instructions on lesser included offenses in a capital case were not required when the undisputed evidence negated the possibility that the jury could have rationally returned a verdict of guilty of a lesser included non-capital offense. The case of Beck v Alabama, 447 U.S. 625; 100 S Ct 2382; 65 L Ed 2d 392 (1980), was distinguished on the basis that the jury could have rationally found the defendant guilty of a lesser included offense.
In adopting a rational basis test for lesser misdemeanor offense instructions, we do not wish to be understood as adopting such a rationale for lesser included felony offense instructions. People v Ora Jones is still controlling thereon.
The fourth condition for an instruction on a lesser included offense is that if the prosecutor requests the instruction, the defendant must have adequate notice of it as one of the charges against which he is expected to defend. While the trial court should consider the possibility of adjournment in the event of genuine surprise, "in an extreme situation * * * the defendant would not have been permitted to fairly develop his case and defend himself and thus would be denied a fair trial". People v Ora Jones, supra, p 395 (concurring opinion by WILLIAMS, J.). In such a case, the trial judge should deny the requested instruction. However, the doctrine of mutuality should not prevent the defendant from requesting a lesser included offense instruction that the prosecutor would be barred from requesting. Whitaker, supra, 144 US App DC 351.
The fifth condition is that the requested instructions not result in undue confusion or some other injustice. As noted in Cazal, supra, an important policy seeks to avoid confusing the jury by presenting it with an unmanageable number of possible resolutions. This policy should be implemented on a case-by-case basis, with the circuit judge exercising his or her discretion "to see to it that the case goes to the jury in a clear and intelligent manner". People v Murray, 72 Mich. 10, 16; 40 N.W. 29 (1888).
We cannot anticipate from this appellate remove the multitude of legal and factual variations presented to the trial courts. We are satisfied, therefore, to vest the circuit and recorder's court judges with substantial discretion in determining whether the cause of justice would be served by giving lesser included misdemeanor instructions on the facts of any given case.
On the facts of the case before us, we see no particular confusion or injustice that would have resulted from giving the misdemeanor instruction. Indeed, the circuit judge expressed his willingness to do so but for the Chamblis policy rule. We are confident that trial judges will give lesser included misdemeanor instructions freely when justice requires; consequently, the decision to grant or deny a requested lesser included misdemeanor instruction will be reversed on appeal only upon a finding of an abuse of discretion.
IV
The final issue that merits discussion is whether our abrogation of the Chamblis rule entitles this defendant to a new trial, or whether our decision should be purely prospective. The case most closely on point is People v Miller, supra, where we adopted an exception to the Chamblis rule effective 30 days after the decision in that case. As in Miller, the defendant in this case would have been entitled to the requested instruction but for the Chamblis rule. Miller, fn 2. However, we are persuaded that the better rule is to require adherence to the rule we announce today for instructions given more than 30 days after the release of this opinion.
First, we must emphasize that the trial judge and the Court of Appeals correctly applied the Chamblis rule in deciding this case. It would be anomalous to argue that the lower courts erred in following applicable precedent, especially when to do so would reward disregarding the opinions of this Court in favor of personal preferences. Secondly, we must recognize that both the Chamblis rule and the standards adopted in this case rest not on the constitutional rights of the defendant, but on this Court's supervisory power over the courts of Michigan. Const 1963, art 6, § 5. In abandoning the Chamblis rule, we do not find that the defendant's due process rights have been violated, especially in light of the relatively strong evidence of this defendant's larcenous intent. Finally, the Linkletter factors point to prospective application. The widespread reliance on the Chamblis rule, the fact that the defendant's guilt was fairly determined by a jury, and the adverse impact of retroactive application convince us that prospective application is the more prudent course.
Linkletter v Walker, 381 U.S. 618; 85 S Ct 1731; 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965), applied in People v Hampton, 384 Mich. 669; 187 N.W.2d 404 (1971); People v Rich, 397 Mich. 399; 245 N.W.2d 24 (1976); People v Young, 410 Mich. 363; 301 N.W.2d 803 (1981).
Accordingly, our decision in People v Chamblis, supra, is overruled in part. The defendant's conviction is affirmed.
FITZGERALD, C.J., and KAVANAGH, WILLIAMS, LEVIN, and COLEMAN, JJ., concurred with RYAN, J.
RILEY, J., took no part in the decision of this case.